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The Great Basin Naturalist

Volume IV, 1943

Vasco M. Tanner, Editor

Published at Provo, Utah, by

The Department of Zoology and Entomology

OF Brigham Young University

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume IV

NUMBERS 1 AND 2 — JUNE 30, 1943

Page

A Study of the vSubtribe Hydronomi with a Description of New

Species, (Curcidionidae ) , Study No. VI, Vasco M. Tanner 1

Four New Species of Collenibola, Roy W. Chamberlain ... 39

Two New Species of Hypsig^lena from Western North America,

Wihner W. Tannei' .^ . '. 49

The Hawtliorn, Crataegus Colorado, a New Record for Utah . 55

NUMBERS 3 AND 4 — DECEMBER 29, 1943

California Gull, A Comparative f^luma^e Study, D. Elden Reck 57

The xVlexican Bean Beetle, Epilaclnia varivcstis Mulsant, Does

Damage in Utah in 1943, Vasco M. Tanner 61

Obs'erivatibns on the Ecology and Natural History of Anura XV.

The Ilylids and Microhylids in Oklahoma. Arthur N. Bragg 62

Notes on the Life History of Euniecus Skiltoniaiuis Skiltonianus,

Wilnier W. Tanner 81

Undescribed Species of Western Nearctic Tipulidae (Diptera), I.

Charles P. Alexander 89

Insect Food of the Western Mcadowlark, G. F. Knowlton and

D. R. Maddock 101

Index to Volume IV 103

II

Volume IV

Nos. 1 & 2

The Great Basin Naturalist

June 30, 1943

TABLE OF CONTENTS

' >uii 4 ma

^ I a K ^. I- \

Page

A Study of the Subtribe Hydronomi with a Description of New
Species, (CurcuHonidae), Study No. VI, Vasco M. Tanner

Four New Species of Collembola, Roy W. Chamberlain . . .

39

Two New Species of Hypsiglena from Western North America,

Wilmer W. Tanner 49

The Hawthorn, Crataegus Colorado, a New Record for Utah . 55

Published at Provo, Utah, by the

Department of Zoology and Entomology of

Brigham Young University

The Great Basin Naturalist

Vasco M. Tanner, Editor
C. Lynn Hayward, Assistant Editor

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The Great Basin Naturalist

Published by the
Departmknt of Zoology and Entomology
Brigham Young University, Provo. Utah

\\^LUMi-: I\' TUNE 30, 1943 Nos. 1 & 2

A STUDY OF THE SUBTRIBE HYDRONOMI WITH A

DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES, (CURCULIONIDAE)

STUDY NO. Vpi)

VASCO AL TANNER

Professor of Zoology and Entomology-
Brigham Young University

At the outset of this study only species of the Hydronomi were
considered which are found in the western United States, territory
not covered by Blatchley and Leng/^) ,\s the study progressed it was
found advisable to deal with all the species of America north of
Mexico known to exist at the time of this writing. Eleven genera
and fifty-three species are now included in the Hydronomi ; nine of
these species are being described as new in this study. Several of the
genera are monotypic. One of these, Lissorhoptrus simplex, upon the
basis of the larval structures, is set up as a subfamily — Lissorhoptrinae
In- Roving and Craighead.^-) The female genitalia of this species dif-
fers from other species of this subtribe. Figure 18. The coxites are
small and no trace of the styli can be found even w-hen the genitalia
are mounted in glycerine and studied with the compound microscope.
It is not clear to what extent the subfamily Curculioninae of Leng will
be broken up as a result of biological and morphological studies. Since
so little is known about the larval structures of this subtribe other
than the one species mentioned above, the present generic arrange-
ment is left unchanged. The species Schisomicrus caeciis is not con-
sidered as belonging to the Hydronomi, but as Casey suspected it
should be placed in the subfamily Raymondionyminae of Schenkling
along with the genera Alaocyba and Raymondionymus. Through the
kindness of the officials of the United States National Museum and

(1) Contribution No. 101, Department of Zoology and Entomology. Brigham Young
University.

(2") Rhynchophora or Weevils of Northeastern America, 1916.
(3) Larvae of Coleoptera. 1931.

1

The Great Basin Naturalist
2 VASCO M. TANNER Vol. IV, NoS. 1 & 2

Mr. L. L. Buchanan I have been permitted to examine a paratype, one
of the two known specimens of this bUnd weevil. It is not Uke any
of the Erirhinini that I have studied. The following are notes made
while studying" the paratype specimen :

Body slender, elongate and suboval ; dark red. except the an-
tennae which are yellowish and twice the length of the beak,
the scape and funicle about equal in length. The beak is long
and fairly uniform in dimensions; not as long as the prothorax.
The antennae are located near the end of the beak. No eyes
are evident. The legs are greatly modified and covered with a
whitish pubescens. The tibiae are much expanded at the distal
end; tarsi short and pubescent. Body deeply punctured, espe-
cially on the thorax and elytra but less so on the beak. Pro-
thorax widest at the middle, being reduced at the anterior and
basal regions. Length of prothorax and elytra 2.25 mm. The
sternites are interesting since an apparent obsolete suture sepa-
rates the first two segments which are three times the length
of next three sternites. The prosternum is deeply excavated.
In this respect it is similar to the B a gous-P iiigod cs species.

Col. Casey's^"^^ description is good and can be relied upon accord-
ing to my observations. I have not had a specimen of Raymondiony-
mus for study. In agreement with Mr. Buchanan I believe that
Schizomicrus and Raymondionymus are rather closely related and
should be kept in the same subfamily.

THE EXTERNAL GENITALT.X

The genitalia of the Hydronomi, Figures 13-39, are fairly uniform
in pattern. They are more highly specialized than most of the Cole-
optera genuina. The styli and coxites are the only genital structures
remaining in the females; the valvifers are missing. The eighth ster-
nite is modified by having chitinized arms which are partially fused
medially and which extend back into the body in the form of a bacu-
lum. The peripheral portions of the segment is largel}- membraneous.
The amount of chitinization which forms the arms and baculum is
fairly definite for each species thus providing a specific character.
In L. simplex the styli are missing and the coxites are largely mem-
braneous, thus producing a highly specialized organ. This is distinc-
tive enough to justify this s]')ecies being separated, on this basis, from
other members of the subtribe. Species of the genus Bagous are
fairly uniform in fundamental structure but rather distinctive in spe-
cific characters. Species of Pnigodes show a relationship in their

(4) Coleopterological Notices, IV. p. 708. 1892.

Tune 30. 1943 the subtribe hydronomi 3

genitalia, eighth segments and spermathecae. The spermathecae are
structures which may be used in generic as well as specific separation
of members of this subtribe. The male genitaha are of value and
have been used in separating many of the species dealt with in this
study.

The species of this subtribe are aquatic to semiaquatic in habit.
Eggs are deposited upon and in stems and roots of aquatic plants,
."^ome species as L. simplex, according to Tucker/^) eat small holes in
the roots of the rice plant and then drop the ^gg onto the gnawed
roots. The genitalia of this species is of the type used to drop the
<tgg rather promiscuously in contrast to Bagous and other genera of
this complex which place the eggs in prepared holes in the stems or
roots or glue them on the surface of the stems and underside of leaves.
Simplex is specialized like many f)f the Scarabeoid series in which the
coxites are the only genital structures left.^^' Many of the species of
this series just drop their eggs on leaves, in small cracks in the bark
or on the soil and grass of pasture land. There are many genital re-
lationships in the species of the Scarabeoid and Cerambycoid series
to which the Scolytids and Curculionids belong.

FXONOMTC IMPORTANCE AND BREEDING HABITS
OF THE SUBTRIBE HYDRONOMI

This group of weevils is aquatic to semi-aquatic in habits. They
feed and breed on palustral plants. The only species of economic im-
portance, at present, is Lissorlwptrus simplex (Say) which is a serious
pest of cultivated rice. It is widely distributed throughout the eastern
United States, feeding on wild rice, arrow-head, bulrushes, water-
lilies, as well as cultivated rice. Tucker reports that the larva, known
as the "rice-root maggot," destroys the roots, while the adults, "rice
water-weevils," feed upon the foliage of the plants. This weevil is
one of the most destructive rice pests in the southern United States.
Roving and Craighead have pointed out that the larvae have spiracles
on the second to seventh abdominal segments which are projecting,
hook-shaped and located dorsally. They live submerged between the
leaves of rice and on the roots. The larvae of other Curculionids and
vScolytids dififer from the larvae of L. simplex- in that the spiracles do
not project and are not placed dorsally. It is not known to what ex-
tent other larvae of the Hydronomi are similar to L. simplex.

(5) Tucker, E. S., The Rice Water- Weevil and Methods of Its Control. U. S. D. A..
Bureau of Ento., Circular No. 152. pp. 20. 1912.

(6) Tanner. Vasco M., A Preliminary .Study of the Genitalia of Female Coleoptera.
Transactions Am, Ent. Soc. 5.?: 5-50. Figs. 1-222. 1927.

The Great Basin Naturalist
4 VASCO M. TANNER Vol. I\'. NoS. 1 &2

Specimens of Brachyhamus electus have been collected on the
arrow-head, Sagittaria. Tt is fairly common in swamps in the north-
eastern United States.

Endalus limatidus is common around New York City, where it is
found mainly in or near salt meadows. In Utah it has been collected
by the writer on bulrushes, Scirpus sp., in a temporary pond, "Dry
Lake," near Wellsville, Cache Co., in June. I have also collected it
along the shore of Utah Lake, in Utah Co., on Scirpus aciitus; and
at St. George, Washington Co., in alkali swamps on Scirpus acuius
and Typha latifolia. E. puricfatus has been taken on sweet fern or
marshy plants around New York City; while E. laticollis lives on
swampy plants and on vegetation around the shores of ponds.

Tanysphyrus lemnac breeds in ponds and lakes on various species
of the duck-weed, Lemna, the leaves of which the beetle perforates
with round holes. It probably occurs wherever Lcmna grows. This
is an introduced species from Europe.

Onychylis nigrirostris breeds on the arrow-head, Sagittaria, while
the adults have been collcted in large numbers on the flowers of the
pickerel-weed. Panted cria cordata. 0. ongustus feeds on the arrow-
head.

Lixellus filiformis was collected by the writer on Scirpus sp. in
"Dry Lake" near Wellsville, Cache Co., L^tah, in June, 1937.

Species of the genus Bagous have been found to feed and breed
rather widely on the acjuatic plants of this country. B. magister, the
largest species of this genus, has been collected on water-lilies in New
Jersey. B. cavifrons, B. macidatus and B. hitnherosus have been found
to feed on several pond and marsh plants. B. chaudlcri have been
found on sedge, Carex sp. in small ponds along the shore of Utah
Lake. At Havee. Montana is was found on Eleocharis f^alustris. B.
texanus was collected on Cyporus virens Michx. at Victoria, Texas.
B. tingi was apparently feeding and breeding on Potauwgcton pan-
ormitanus in Lake Pilarcitos, California, according to Mr. Peter Ting
who collected several specimens.

The species Pnigodes huchanoni was collected on Ptilimnium capil-
loccum (Michx.) in May, at Opelouses, Louisiana. P. setosus has
been found breeding in the roots of Lepidium sp. at Calvert, Texas.

LOCATION OF THE .'\MKRTCAN TYPES OF BAGOUS

Thomas Say's type of B. nnvniUatus is lost or destroyed. A neo-
tyj)e has been designated which is being deposited in the entomological

June 30, 1943 the subtribe hydkonomi 5

collections of the United States National Museum. An illustration of
the plesiotype is contained in this study.

The types of the twelve species described by LeConte are in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass-
achusetts. In only three species did LeConte have several specimens
in the type series. Seven of the species were represented by only a
single specimen. Dr. Nathan Banks, curator of the Harvard Ento-
mological Collections, and Mr. Floyd Werner, an assistant, have been
of great assistance in this study through their identification and com-
ments on specimens compared with the types.

Willis S. Blatchley's types of Bagous species are in the Purdue Uni-
versity entomological collections, with the exception of puritanus
which is in the entomological collections of the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology, Harvard College. A cotype specimen of ochraceus is
in the writer's collection at Brigham Young University. This speci-
men was included in a collection of several hundred species of weevils
purchased from Dr. Blatchley in 1930. Dr. J. J. Davis, of Purdue
University, has kindly sent to me for study purposes specimens from
the type series of the following species: macidatus, luuatus and blanch-
ardi.

The types of the seven species described in this study are being
disposed of as follows : blatchleyi, longirostrus and texanus in the
United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. ; floridaniis in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College; and lengi,
chandleri and tingi in the writer's collection at Brigham Young Uni-
versity. Paratypes of many of these species have been sent to the
collections of cooperating institutions.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The writer acknowledges with thanks the loan of specimens from
Dr. J. J. Davis, Purdue University, Indiana; Mr. Peter C. Ting, San
I^'rancisco, California; Mr. William T. Davis of New York City; Pro-
fessor Joseph Knull, University of (Jhio, Columbus, Ohio; Professor
Henry Dietrich, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Mr. Mont
Cazier, American Museum, New York ; Dr. Dwight Pierce, Los
Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, California; Dr. Clarence Mickel, Uni-
versity of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota ; Mr. L. L. Buchanan, United
States National Museum ; Dr. P. J. Darlington, Dr. Nathan Bank and
Mr. Floyd Werner of Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts. I
am especially indebted to Mr. Darlington and Mr. Werner who com-
pared many specimens with the LeConte types and sent valuable notes

The Great Basin Naturalist
6 VASCO M. TANNER Vol. IV, NoS. 1 & 2

along with the specimens. Ur. Davis sent several of Dr. Blatchley's
paratypes for study, and Mr. Buchanan supplied me with many de-
termined as well as undetermined specimens from the National Mu-
seum. Dr. E. P. Van Dyke kindly permitted me to study the specimens
of this group in the California Academy of Science collection.

THE SUCTRIBE HYDROXOMI

The weevils belonging to the tribe Erirhinini are divided into sev-
eral subtribes. This study is concerned with the genera and species
of the subtribe Hydronomi. As now constituted this subtribe consists
of eleven genera, seven of which are monotypic or contain only one
species in our fauna. The other genera except Bagous, contains very
few species. As a result there are only fifty-three species ascribed to
these genera, twenty-nine of which belong to Bagous. The species of
Hydronomi live upon semi-aquatic plants, protecting their bodies with
a water-proof coating which has dirt and tine sand intermixed with
it. The eyes touch the thorax since the head is not prolonged behind.

A key to the genera of the subtribe Hydronomi found in North
America is presented and all the known species are listed. Keys are
included to help separate the species. The eleven genera may be sep-
arated as follows:

A KEY TO THE GEXERA OF THE SUBTRIBE HYDROXOMI FOUXI)

IX AMERICA NORTH OE MEXICO(7) WITH A LIST 01-

SPPXIES AND THEIR KXOWX DISTRIBUTIOX

1. Metasternum as long as the first sternite ; covered with a dense, variiisli-

like. waterproof coating of scales (2)

Metasternum one-third tlie length of the first sternite ; front coxae nar-
rowly separated riiycncoctcs

/'. trstiicciis Lee. So. Calif.

2. Pieak very short and hroad, not longer than the head ; tarsi narrow, the

third segment deeply emarginate S'trnol^i'hiiiis

S. nifiiuisiis (lyll., l'"la. ; Ind. ; So. Calif.; Pnivo, Utah,
lleak cylindrical, nuich longer than the head (3)

3. Third segment of hind tarsi emarginate or bilobed (4)

Third segment of hind tarsi simple; legs long and slender (9)

4. Beak curved ; funicle of six segments, the second short ; third segment

cf tarsi broad, deeply bilobed. last segment short (5)

Beak straight ; second segment of funicle long, as also the last segment

of the tarsi (8)

(7) Dr. J. C. Bradley's "Manual of tlu- Cencra of Beetles of .\merica North of
Mexico," 1930, has been drawn upon freely in the preparation of this key.

June 30, 1943 the suhtkip.e hydroxomi 7

5. I arsi Willi a single claw Brdcliyhaiiiiis

/). i-lcctus Germ.. Mass.; 1). L". ; Fla. ; hid.; X. Y. ; N. J.; Va. ; Cia.

i'arsi Willi two claws CJ)

(). Lasl segment of tarsi broad, the claws well separated [7 )

J-ast segment of tarsi narrow, projecting hej'ond the lobes of the third,

the claws slender Onychylis

Elytra without rows of setae ~

Alternate interspaces with a row of distinct aeVde. . . .alfcnuiiis Lee.

Texas.
2. Body rather stout nigrirostris ( Boh.)

Fla.; Ga. ; Pa.

Body more elongate loiujiilus Lee.

Mich. ; Mass.
7. Elytra but slightly if any wider than the thorax; length usually 2 mm.

or more Inula Ins

L Last joint of tarsi slightly prominent claws moderately large, elytra

wider than the prothorax.

Scales with bristles intermixed sctosus Lee.

Tex. ; Kan.

Scales uniform, without bristles intermixed 2

2. Prothorax not coarsely punctured 3

Prothorax coarsely punctured 4

3. Scales bronzed, beak long and slender, size 2 mm.

Scales gray, length 4 to 4.5 mm acratus Lee.

Tex. ; Kan. ; Id.

a. Beak shorter, stouter, flatter and scarcely curved, elytra
shorter, punctation stronger, prothorax more rounding

and wider robustus Schffr.

Tex.

aa. Beak longer, narrow and slightly curved ; punctation less ;

prothorax more elongate liiiiatiiliis (Gyll.)

N. Y. ; R. Isl. ; D. C.; Colo.; Ariz.; Nev. ; Calif.; Logan,
Provo and Moab, Utah.

4. Prothorax scarcely wider than long cribricollis Lee.

Prothorax transverse, constricted in front pinictatiis Lee.

IL Last joint of tarsi not prominent; body oval.

b. Size L5 to 1.7 mm. Prothorax wider, equal to the elytra.
Sides rounded, coarsely punctured and impressed near

apex laticollis Blatch.

Dunedin, Fla. ; Cotype specimens.

bb. Size L8 to 2.3 mm. Prothorax not so wide, less than the
elytra, surface deeply but not coarsely punctured, with

three pale vittae ovalis Lee.

Ind. ; N. Y. ; Mont.; So. Calif.; Ridgeway, Canada.
Elytra much wider than the thorax; length less than 1.5 mm.. . .Tanysphynts
Entire body and appendages shining black in color, beak longer

and more slender atra Blatch.

One specimen from Cambridge, Mass.

The Great Basin Naturalist
8 VASCO M. TANNER Vol. IV, NoS. 1 &2

Body dull black, antennae and tarsi brown, beak not so long

and broader Icnmac (Fab.)

Pa.; N. Y. ; X. J.; Mich.; Mass.; 111.; Edmonton, Alta. ;
Europe; Japan. An introduced species from Europe.
S. ['ront and middle tibiae serrate on the inner side ; third tarsal segment

narrow, slightly emarginate ; funicle of six segments Lixclliis

L. filiformis Lee, Cypress Hills, Alta. ; Roucheville. Ont., Canada ;
Ore.; Colo.; Nev. ; Wellsville, Utah.

Tibiae not serrate within ; third tarsal segment broad, deeply bilobed ;

funicle of seven segments Anchodcnuts

Scales brownish-gray, not mottled aiigiistus Lee.

Fla.; N. Y. ; 111.; Toronto, Ont., Canada.

Scales grayish-white, not mottled luibbardi Lee.

Detroit, Mich. ; Mass.

Scales brown, elytra with a paler band sclnvarci Lee.

Mass.
9. Club of antennae partly smooth and shining; funicle of six seginents ;

prosternum not excavated Lissorhoptnis

L. simplex (Say.), Fla., Texas, Va., D. C, Md., X. J., N. Y., la.,
Minn., Mo., Canada.

Club entirely pubescent and sensitive ; funicle of seven segments ; pro-
sternum broadly and deeply excavated in front of coxae (10)

10. Pronotum feebly constricted in front Bacjoits

Key to species below.

Pronotum very strongly constricted and tubulate in front Puigodcs

Key to species below.

THE GENUS BAGOUS

The genus Bagous was established by Ernst F. Garmar in 1817^^^
with Rhynchaeus binoduliis Gyllenhal as the genotype. The word
Bagous is Persian in origin meaning a spade or castrated animal. The
species of this genus are known only from the northern hemisphere.
Schoenherr in 1826^^^ characterized the genus as follows :

"Antennae breviusculae, subtenues ; f uniculo 7 - articulate ;
articulis duobus basalibus elongatis, obconicis, reliquis subper-
foliatis, coarctatis, versus apicem gradatim latioribus ; clava
(jvalis, magna.

Rostrum breviusculum, arcuatum, robustum, teres.

Thorax subcylindricus, antice late emarginatus, exigue pone
oculos lobatus ; canalis inferus, brevis.

Elytra oblongo-ovata, versus apicem valde callosa, abdomen
obtegentia ; humeri obtuse angulati.

Tibiae longae, versus apicem arcuatae, apice ipso unco acuto
armatae ; tarsi angustati."

It will be noted that Schoenherr points out that the characteristic

(8) Magazin der Entomologie, Halle, II. 1817, p. 340.

(9) Curculionidum Dispositis Methodica. 1926. p. 289.

June 30, 1943 the subtribe hydkonomi 9

features of this genus are: an excavated prothorax for the reception
of the rostrum; a sentitive antennal club and slender curved tibiae,
armored at the distal end with a hooked spine. He also points out
on page 2i2^^^^^ that the genus Hydro)io>nus is similar to Bagous, but
lack the channeled thorax ; and that these genera live on and around
aquatic plants.

in discussing the weevils of the Seine Basin Louis BedeU^^^ how-
ever, considered Bagous a synonym of Hydronomus. Later European
workers have not followed Bedel in this but have treated Bagous as
a valid genus and have ascribed to it some thirty-tive to forty species.

Thomas Say described mamillatus, the first i\merican species of
the genus Bagous, in 183L*-i2) ^^^y was confused as to the definite
characteristics of Bagous and yet he had the works of Garmer and
Schoenherr referred to above. Besides the species mamillatus he de-
scribed simplex = Lissorho pterus simplex and aereus = Tyloderma
aerea as species of this same genus.

J. L. LeConte^^-^^ presented the essential characters of this genus
in 1876 and described twelve new species. In 1916 Blatchley^^'^^ de-
scribed seven new species to which he added a species in 1920^^^^ and
another in 1925.^^^^ In this study seven species are described as new
thus bringing the recognized American species to 29.

KEY TO AMERICAN SPECIES OF BAGOUS

A. Third joint of tarsi broader, emarginate 1

B. Third joint of tarsi narrow, not emarginate 4

1. Elytra each with one posterior tubercle 2

Elytra each with two posterior tubercles.

a. Sides of thorax and elytra clay-yellow, elytra with an oblique
strip of clay-yellow scales extending from middle of sides to
white lunula at declivity. Size 3.5 mm liinatus Blatch.

aa. Sides of thorax and elytra uniform, pale gray to grayish black

with some oblique white dots ; size 2.3 to 2.5 mm planatus Lee.

2. Interspaces equal, flat, or nearly so 3

Alternate interspaces more elevated.

b. Third, fifth and seventh elytral interspaces largely elevated; color
chestnut to blackish except a spot on declivity and tubercle which

(10) Op. Cit.

(11) Faune des Coleopteres Du Bassin De La .Seine. Tome VI., 1888. p. 276.

(12) The Complete Writings of Thomas Say in the Entomology of North America.
Vol. I. 1859. p. 297. J. L. LeConte Edition.

(13) The Rhynchophora of America North of Mexico. 1876. pp. 183-188.

(14) Rhynchophora or Weevils of North Eastern America. 1916. pp. 230-238.

(15) Some New Rhynchophora from Eastern North America with Additions to and
Corrections of the "Rhynchophora of North Eastern America." Journal. N. Y. Ent. See.
Vol. 28, 1920. p. 166.

(16) Notes on the Rhynchophora of Eastern North America with descripions of New
Species III. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Vol. 33. 1925. p. 95.

Thf Croat ISasiii Naturalist
10 . VASCO M. TANNKR Vol. J\'. X(JS. 1 &2

are grayish white. Size 2.9 to 3.3 mm. in length Iciu/i n. sp.

hb. Third, fiflh and seventli inter, paces largely elevated, l)lack, hut
covered with lead gray coating and scale.s, tubercle large, size

4.2 mm. in length hhifclilcyi n. sp.

hbb. Third, fifth and seventh elytral interspaces only slightly elevated;
lateral, apical and area around tubercle and declivity whitish ; cen-
tral area of disk brownish black srilafiis Lee.

3. Scales in pattern or mottled.

c. Scales gray and dark brown, striae deeper, callus not very promi-
nent (Uiliquiis Lee.

cc. Scales gra\ish l;r(.wn with striking white scale pattern, intervals

slightly Cdiivex; without callus on or near the declivity, ./^ictiis Blatch.

4. Elytra each with one posterior tubercle 5

Elytra each with a tubercle at the middle and two posterior tu-
bercles m:ni:illatiis Say.

5. Tarsi short, prothorax scarred with deep impressions H

Tarsi short or moderate, prothorax feebly granulate 9

Tarsi long, prothorax finely rugose (^

Tarsi not so long, prothorax smooth to finely punctate 7

Tarsi very long, fourth segment longer than the second and third
segments combined ; prothorax granulate 10

6. Tarsi long, fourth segment as long as second and third combined,
first three segments narrow with long white setae ; beak one and

one-half times as long as the prothorax loiu/iroslrus n. sp.

Tarsi long, fourth segment less in length than the second and third
combined, first three segments slightly broader and more setiferous
than in inaiiiiUdtiis : prothorax finely rugose, beak only as long as
prothorax aiiicricauus Lee.

7. Tarsi not so long, prothorax siuooth ; sides straight to anterior fourth
then only slightly constricted; surface clothed with fine ocellate scales;

femora black to rufous, size 2.8 to 3 mm blanchardi Blatch.

Tarsi shorter, third segment a little broader and slightly emarginate,
intermediate in this characteristic between planafus and mamillatus.
Elytral striae deeper and with regular deep punctures, mottled with
whitish and brownish scales ; body more robust, size 3.5 to 4.1
mm Irxainis n. sp.

8. Front deeply excavated, beak tricarinate riri'ifroits Lee.

Front not excavated, but with fovea.

d. Front foveate, beak tricarinate, i)r(ithnrax without median cari-
na imu/istrr Lee.

dd. Front foveate, beak tricarinate, ])rothorax with median cari-
na carinatus Blatch.

9. Disc of thorax without ridges and depressions, without median channel,

granulate 13

Disc of thorax without ridges and depressions, with median channel,
granulate.

Surface uniform black except the white cross bar near declivity....
atnitus 1 'latch.

June 30, 1943 the subtribe hydkonomj U

Surface mottled or \vit!i cloudod mixture of blackish and whitish
scales,
e. Size 4 nun. Klytra witli small pale spots or dots, tliorax coarsely

granulate ; front not foveate iiiaculafiis Blatch.

ec. Size 3.2 mm., mixture of l)lack and white scales, not spotted ;

striae deep, interspaces elevated, third interspace wider and with

white spot on third and fourth interspaces behind the middle. . . .

nchiilosiis Lee.

10. Fourth tarsal segment Ions, claws divergent, elytra uniform in color... 11
Fourth tarsal segment n it so long, claws less divergent, el}tra with
color spots 1-

11. Elytra uniform in color, beak short californicus Lee.

Elytra with some mixing of scales of different colors.

f. .Size 2.5 to 2.9 mm. with white and brown patches of scales

cJwmilcri n. sp.

ff. Size 3.0 to 3.1 mm., reddish in color with a white covering over

the surface of a granular prothorax and elytra tingi n. sp.

12. Elytra with a white spot behind, beak short ycsirictus Lee.

Elytra with a cross-bar or band behind.

g. White spot at apex of declivity single, crossing the suture in the

form of a small cross-bar; form very slender, size 2.S mm

piiritamis Blatch.

gg. Elytra with a broad black band crossing the suture behind the

middle ; size 1.8 mm piisillus Lee.

13. Prothorax as wide a*; long, beak shorter than thorax.

h. Elytra black, usually covered with dirt cf)lored scales, their striae

deep, size 3 mm hihihcrosiis Lee.

hh. Elytra black, covered with dirt colored scales, except for small
white spots before the declivity on the second and third inter-
spaces and pale lateral stripes <in the thorax ; striae with deep

punctures, size 3 to 3.2 mm floridanus n. sp.

hhh. Elytra with an oblique clay-yellow strip reaching from humerus

to the prominent tubercle and declivity, striae iine. . pauxillus Blatch.
Prothorax wider than long, much constricted in front, beak as long
as thorax,
i. Front with a large fovea, sides of thorax sinuate; antennae and

legs nearly black traiisvcrsiis Lee.

ii. Front without fovea; sides of thorax not sinuate; antennae and

legs red ochntccus Blatch.

DISCUSSION OF THE SPECIES OF BAGOUS

Bagous lunatus Blatch., Fig. 1

Blatchley and Leng, Rhynchophora or Weevils of North Eastern America, p. 232,
1916.

Black, clothed with clay-yellow and fuscous-l)rown scales, the for-
mer forming a stripe along each side of the thorax and elytra ; this

12

VASCO M. TANNKR

The Great Basin Naturalist

Vol. IV, Nos. 1 & 2

stripe with an oblique spur extending' from liasal third of elytra to a
hroad. lunate while spot, concave behind, which crosses the suture at

apical third. Tliorax as wide as long; ely-
tra heliind the humeri one-half wider than
thorax ; all intervals slightly convex, the
third and fifth with prominent concial
tubercles on and posterior to the declivity ;
the third tarsal segment broad and deeply
marginate.

Size: 3.3 to 3.8 mm. in length

Distribution : Gainesville, Enterprise,

Barlow, Ft. Capron, La Belle, St. Nicholas,

Jacksonville, Cedar Keys, Ft. Myers, Dun-

i^ edin and Lake Okeechobee, Florida; New

()rleans, Louisiana.

Remarks: This is one of the most

distinctive species of Group A. The large

tubercles just before the declivity along

with the crescent white spot and the

Fig. 1 fuscous-brown scales separates this spe-

^aqoiis liDiatus Blatchley . ^ , - i •

"X 13. (Original) cies from others of this group.

Bagous pianatus Lee, Fig. 2

LeConte, John L. and Horn, Geor. H., Rhynch. of Amer. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc.
Vol. XV, p. 185, 1876.

Black, clothed with gray, approaching lead color to dark brown
or black scales, with an oblique series of small whitish blue spots be-
tween the humeri and the tubercles on the declivity ; prothorax also
with lateral and a medial stripe of whitish-blue scales ; disc granulate
and feebly channeled. Beak nearly as long as the prothorax, nearly
naked. Elytra wider than the prothorax, interspaces nearly flat, with
a V shaped depression on the first third ; the tubercles at the declivity
and beyond small and covered with whitish blue scales. Antennae and
feet dark testaceous ; third tarsal broad and emarginate.

Size : 2.7 to 3.0 mm. in length.

Distribution: Brown Island, Charlevoix Co., Michigan; Gordon
Lake, Turtle Mts.. North Dakota; Houston Co., Minnesota; Port-
land Oregon ; Washington ; Olcotte, Ithaca and Penn Yan, New York ;
Iowa; Memence, Illinois; Washington, D. C. ; Hillsdale, New Jersey;
and Ft. Monroe, Virginia.

June 30, 1943

TTTE SURTRIIiK IIYDRONOMI

13

Remarks: The wliitish l)lue spot on the lifth interval near the
middle should not be mistaken for a small tubercle and thus confuse
this species with niainillatus which
has a well-developed tubercle at the
middle ; see Figurs 2 and 4. There
has been considerable misidentification
of this species. The above descriptive
notes and the drawing which em-
phasizes the broad third tarsal seg-
ment and lack of tubercle at the
middle should make possible the read\-
separation of this species.

Bagous lengi Tanner, n. sp.
Fig. 3

Type female : Elongate, slender ;
black except antennae and tarsi that
are dark red. Beak curved ; apex not
dilated, not as long as prothorax,
smooth but with ocellate scales. Front
broadly impressed and granular. Sec-
ond joint of funicle about as long as
two succeeding joints combined. Pro-
thorax slightly wider than long, sides
parallel, with a rounded base and

broad constriction at the tip. Surface coarsely punctured with a me-
dian whitish channel. Elytra a little wider than the prothorax;
humeri ob]i(|ue and swollen due to the fusion of the seventh, eighth
and ninth interspaces; third and fifth interspaces prominent, the fifth
with a small tubercle at the declivity; tubercle and third and fourth
interspaces behind the middle with white spot; surface granulate.
Legs rather short and husky; tarsi short, with third segment much
enlarged and emarginate ; fourth segment as long as two preceding
combined, claws only slightly divergent.

Size : 2.9 to 3.3 mm. in length.

Type Locality: Type specimen, one of two specimens from the
Leng collection labeled 'Towa." Paratypes, eleven specimens ; four
from Lake Okoboji, Iowa, collected b}- L. L. Buchanan, June 22, 1917;
three from Iowa City, Iowa, Wickham collection ; one five miles east
Renwick, Iowa, May 19, 1928, G. O. Hendrickson collection; and one
South McAlester, Indiana ; the type and three paratypes in the au-
thor's collection at Brigham Young University and eight paratypes
in the United States National Museum.

Fig. 2

Bagous planatus LeLonte
X 16. (Original)

14

VASCO M. TANNER

The Great Basin Xaturalist

Vol. lY. Nos. 1 & 2

Remarks : This species may be readily separated from other spe-
cies with the broad third tarsal segment by the well-developed convex

interspaces, granulation, slender shape
and color.

Bagous blatchleyi Tanner, n. sp.

Elongate ; black with covering of lead
gray coating and scales. Beak about as
long as prothorax, stout, flattened at dis-
tal end, coarsely punctured ; front with
deep punctures and well-developed fovea.
Second joint of funicle, longer than the
two following joints combined. Pro-
thorax wider than long, sides straight
to near the tip where it is broadly con-
stricted ; surface granulate, covered with
tine crenulated lines, a median channel
and lateral median gray stripes. Elytra
a third wider than the prothorax ; humeri
obtusely angular and prominent being
composed of the coalesced ends of the
seventh, eighth and ninth interspaces;
third, fifth and seventh interspaces
strongly convex, alternate interspaces
practically l^at; striae fine, punctures ob-
scure, surface uniformly lead-gray in
color; tubercle on fifth interspace promi-
nent and pointed. Antennae, tibiae and tarsi dark reddish-brown in
color; tarsi with broad, deeply emarginate third segment, fourth seg-
ment as long as the second and third combined, claws small and not
divergent.

Size: 4.2 mm. in length.

Type locality: Described from a single specimen collected at
Tampa, Florida, by Hubbard and Schwartz. The holotype is being
deposited in the entomological collection of the United States Na-
tional Museum. Washington, D. C.

Remarks: Blatchleyi is the largest species of Bagous in group A.
The narrow convex interspaces are characteristic, being rather widely
separated by flat interspaces. The color, large tubercle, wide pro-
thorax and stout beak separates it from loif/i its nearest relative.

Bayous Iciigi, New Species
X 16. (Original)

Bagous sellatus Eec.

LeConte and Horn, Khyncli. 187^), p. 184.

LeConte's description of this species is as follows

June 30, 1943 the subtribe hydronomi 15

"Black ; head, three thoracic vittae. sides and tip of elytra densely
covered with cinereous scales, leaving a large elongate common tri-
angular space black. Prothorax a little longer than wide, coarsely
granulate, sides parallel, suddenly constricted near the tip. Elytra with
the humeri oblique and obtusely angulated. striae deep, interspaces
convex, first, third, and fifth more elevated, the last terminating in a
large conical tuberosit}", which is surrounded behind by a dark cloud.
r->eneath fuscous, thighs with a ring of paler scales. Tarsi with the
third joint broader, emarginate."

Size: 2.4 to 2.8 mm. in length.

Distril)uti()n : Ft. Monroe, \'irginia : St. Augustine. Florida: and
(ieorgia.

Remarks: The color markings consisting of a black triangular
spot on the disc of the elytra which extends from the l)ase near tlic
Inmieri, on the fifth interspace, back to the declivity and the suture
as well : the lateral and medial stripes on the prothorax makes this a
distinctive species.

Bagous obliquus Lee.

LeConte and Horn, Rhynch. 1876. p. 185.

Black, variegated with pale and dark-])rown scales. Beak as long
as the prothorax ; the latter longer than wide with pale stripe. Elytra
nearly one-half wider than prothorax, with an obliciue pale band ex-
tending from the humerus to the suture behind the middle; other pale
spots are scattered over the disc and declivity. Antennae and legs
testaceous ; third tarsal segment broad and emarginate.

Size : 2.3 to 2.8 mm. in length.

Distribution : Florida ; Washington, D. C. ; Virginia ; New Jersey ;
New York ; Minnesota ; and Nebraska.

Remarks: Readily separated from other species due to the l)road
emarginate third tarsal segments, the color pattern. poorl\- developed
tubercle on the declivity, and the broad thick set beak.

Bagous pictus Blatch.

Blatchley, W. S., Some New Rhynchophora from Eastern North America with
additions to and corrections of the "Rhvnchophora of North Eastern Ameri-
ca." Jour. X. Y. Ento. Soc. Vol. 28, p. 166, 1920.

"Elongate-oblong. Reddish-brown, densely clothed with grayish-
l)rown and snow-white scales, the latter forming a narrow median and
a broad stripe each side of thorax, the lateral stripes forking in front
of middle; the white scales on elytra covering the humeri and fifth,
sixth and seventh intervals to beyond the middle; basal portion of
third interval and a common spot on second and third at apical third

16

VASCO M. TANNER

The Great Basin Xaturalisi

\'.)I. IV.Nos. 1 8c 2.

also white. Beak stout, as long as thorax, strongly deHected. densclx-
scaly. Head without frontal fovea. Thorax nearly as broad as long,
constricted near apex, densely granulate. Elytra oval, one-third wider
than thorax, humeri oblique ; intervals feebly convex, without tubercles
on or near the declivity. Length, 2.8 mm."

Distribution : Cape Sable, Florida.

Remarks : I have never seen this species which was described from
two specimens collected on February 24th by Dr. Blatchley. These
specimens are in the Blatchley type collection at Purdue University,
Lafayette, Indiana. It is the policy (with which I heartily agree) of
this institution not to send out type specimens for study purposes.
Because of this I have associated pictus with obliquus only because
Blatchley has done so. The original description given above suggests
that pictus may be closely related to sellatus both as to color pattern
and lack of tubercle on the declivity. The tarsal segments of pictus
should be carefully examined. LTntil the Blatchley specimens are
studied this species is questionable.

FiR. 4

Bagous mamillatus Sav

X 13. (Original)

Bagous mamillatus Say
Fig. 4

1821. 28. LeConte, Editor, p. 297.

There has been a question in
the minds of students of Bagous
as to what species Say actually
had before him when he described
niamiUatiis. . The original tyi)c
specimen has been destroyed, sr)
we must rely upon his short but
rather definite description of the
species. Tt would seem that even
LeConte was confused concerning
the actual identity of moruiUatus
since he believed the species had
a broad emarginate third tarsal
segment, a character not men-
tioned by Say. My study of hun-
dreds of specimens of Bagous has
resulted in finding several speci-
mens from near the type region
which seem to agree almost per-
fectly with the original descrip-

June 30, 1043 tiiI'. si'htkihk hydkonomi 17

lion. The accompanying illustration, Figure 4, is an accurate repro-
duction of a plesiotype specimen which I am designating as the neotype.
This specimen was collected at Arkedelphia, Clark County, Arkansas,
in July b}' H. 11. Wheek. Other specimens were collected at Tallulali
(July 2, 1925) and Sheveport (July 3, 1891) Louisiana; Ann Arbor
(June 16, 1918), Michigan; and W. Springfield (May 27, 1895),
Massachusetts.

The following is Say's description of inamillaiiis:

"Cinereous; el}tra tuberculate. Inhabits Missouri. Body cinere-
ous; elytra, each with two tubercles behind the middle, placed oblique-
ly, a smaller one on the middle and the humerus with a small tubercle;
thighs clavate ; tibiae much arcuated toward the tip, and at tip acute,
with rather long, rigid hair on their inner side. Length three-twen-
tieths of an inch."

Description of the Neotype: Rather robust, black, covered with
cinereous scales, except the tibiae, tarsi and antennae which are red.
Heak shorter than the prothorax. faintly trisulcate. scaly, scape at-
tachment on apical third ; mouth area red. Frontal fovea not well de-
veloped ; covered with dense scales, not granulate. Prothorax slightly
wider than long, widest just anterior to the middle, sides straight for
three-fourth the length, then rounded and only slightly constricted;
finely granulate uniform in color and without a median channel.
Elytra nearly one-half wider than the prothorax, humeri prominent,
oblique and rounded, with a tubercle ; interspaces practically flat, no
rows of inclined bristles ; striae shallow without obvious punctation ;
color uniform cinereous, except for white on tips of tubercles, and
the dirty yellow coating on some specimens. A small but well de-
veloped tubercle at the middle on the fifth interspace which is in an
oI)li([ue line with the tubercles on the declivity and the humeri. The
apical tubercle is w^ell developed but smaller than the one on the de-
clivity. The legs are long, femora noticeable clavate ; tibia arcuate,
with an inner row of short spines and long setae; tarsi long, and
narrow ; fourth segment longer than the sceond and third combined ;
claws long and only slightly divergent. The female genitalia. Figure
20, has well developed coxites and styli which are extremely chiti-
nized. The eighth sternite is a chitinized spatulate structure. The
styli are large and well provided with sensory setae.

Size: 3.9 to 4.5 mm. in length.

Distribution : The neotype specimen is from Arkadelphia, Clark
County, Arkansas. One mesothoracic leg has been broken ofif, but is
glued to the tip which bears the specimen ; the tarsi are broken ofif,
alvo the meso- and metathoracic legs. The funicle is missing from

18

VASCO M. TANNER

The (ireat Basin Naturalist

Vol. IV. Nos. 1 &2

one antenna. This specimen, along with one from Tallulah, Louisiana,
and one from Ann Arbor. Michij^an. is being returned to the United
States National Museum. Two specimens, one from Vv. Springfield.
Massachussets, and one from Sheveport, Louisiana, are in the writer's
collection at Brigham Young L^niversity. These latter two specimens
are from the L^nited States National Museum collection and we are
pleased to be able to retain them.

Remarks: The determination of mainiUatus is a great help in un-
derstanding other American species of Bagous. In the LeConte key
mamiUattis is considered to have broad third tarsal segments. Accord-
ing to the specimens now designated as nwniillafits this is not the case.

Bagous longirostrus Tanner, n. sp.. Fig. 5

Elongate-oblong.

FiR. 5

B(u/nus l())i(/irosfnis. New Species

X 12. (Original)

Rufescent, clothed uniformly with silvery-gray
scales ; except on the legs and
beak which are sparsely covered
to scaleless ; prothorax larger
than wide ; sides straight for
three- fourths, then only slightly
narrowed and broadly constrict-
ed near the tip ; fine punctures
on the disc covered by enlarged
ocellate scales. Beak one and
one-half times as long as the
prothorax, slightly curved and
dilated, antennae inserted at
middle of beak, first segment of
funicle a little enlarged. Figure
5. Legs long, tibia slender and
only slightly arcuate ; tarsi long,
fourth segment as long as the
second and third combined ; claws
divergent ; ventral surfaces of
tarsi segments covered with whit-
ish pubescence. Elytra wider
than the prothorax ; humeri ob-
tuse, rounded not prominent : in-
terspaces about equal, flat, striae
shallow and punctured ; only one
small tubercle on the fifth inter-
space at the declivity. Female
genitalia with well chitinized
coxites, esj)ecially at the apices
The following are some measure-
scape .7 mm. ;

whicli bear well developed styli.

ments of the head and ])rothoracic parts: Beak 1.6 mm

prothora.x 1.0 mm. and mesothoracic tarsus 1.0 mm.

Tune 30, 1943 the subtriuf. hydronomi 19

Size: 4 to 4.3 mm. in length.

Type locality: Lake Koshkononf,\ Fort Atkinscjn. Wisconsin.
July 19. 1923; D. R. Hylan, collector. Type a female deposited in
tlic entomological collection of the United States National Museum,
Washington, D. C. ; also two paratypes both from Michigan are in
tlie United States National Museum, Ace. 21542. Two paratypes in
the writer's collection at Brigham Young Universit}-, one from Michi-
gan and one from l^>uflfalo. New York.

Remarks: This species is similar in general facies to aiucricanus
hut may be separated from it by the long beak, uniform reddish
color, long fourth tarsal segment with divergent claws, and whitish
pubescence. The genital structures are more heavily chitinized than
in amcricanus. LeConte made the observation that there was a
marked difiference in the beak of the two sexes of amcricanus.
"That of the male is stout, shining, very finely punctulate, not longer
than the prothorax, and about one-half as wide as the head; in the
female it is slender, one-third longer and with the antennae inserted
about the middle of the length." The female of amcricanus is similar
in beak characteristics to the male, .as revealed by dissecting several
specimens of both sexes. I have studied more than a hundred speci-
mens of amcricanus and find that it is distinctive to longirostrus. I
had one specimen of this new species when Mr. Buchanan sent me
four additional specimens calling my attention to their long beaks.

Bagous amcricanus Lee.

LeCnntc and Horn. K'liynch. 1876, p. 185.

Black or brown, with grayish scales; beak of male and female
stout, shining, l)road at the tip and as long as the prothorax, antennae
inserted on distal third in both sexes. Prothorax longer than wide,
sides parallel on basal third, rounded on middle third, broadly con-
stricted near the tip. surface finely punctured but covered with ocellate
scales. Elytra at base one-third wider than thorax ; humeral angles
obtuse, surface covered with fine ocellate scales, some specimens with
two large white spots behind the middle, intervals flat, striae fine and
with shallow punctures ; a small tubercle between the declivity and
the apex on the fifth interspace. Male and female genitalia shown in
Figures 32, 33 and 37. The female structures are distinctive, the
coxites not so long and heavily chitinized as in longirostrus. Legs
reddish, fourth joint of tarsus not so long as the two preceding, claws
not so divergent.

Size: 3.5 to 4 mm. in length.

Distribution : Crescent City, Florida ; Waveland, Mississippi ; Oke-

The Great Basin Naturalist
20 VASCO M. TANNKR Vol. 1\ . NoS. 1 &2

fcnokec, Georgia ; Kcnilworth, Washington, D. C. ; Falls Church,
N'irginia; Jamesburgh and Buckls Lake, New Jersey; Lake George,
Spencer Lake, Vicinity of New York; Buffalo, Peckstill, Olcott and
Esopus. New York ; Mansfield, Chicopee and Westtield, Massachu-
setts; State College, I'ennsylvania ; Monroe Co., Illinois; Kascinsko
Co. and Vigo Co., Indiana; Detroit and (Jttawa Co., Michigan; Sud-
burg, Ontario; Ithasca Park and Olmsted Co., Minnesota; and West
Bend and Elkhom, Wisconsin.

Remarks: Americanus, longirostrus, blunchardi and tcxaiius form
a natural group that are separated by definite characters as set forth
in the species key. .liiicricaiius is much larger and with longer, red-
dish colored legs witli slightl}' Jjroadened tarsi in contrast to blauchardl.

Bagous blanchardi B latch.

Blatchley and Leng, Rhynch. 1916, p. 235.

"Much smaller and more slender than aincricainis. \ estiture as
there, the entire surface very even, smooth and clothed with silver}-
gray ocellate scales; antennae, except club, tibiae and tarsi pale reddish-
lirown ; femora black, reddish at base. Beak shorter than thorax,
slender, cylindrical, almost straight, front with a small shallow fovea.
Thorax subcyindrical, as long as wide; disc broadly feebly constricted
near apex. Elytra as in americanus, intervals all flat, the fifth with
a small tubercle on declivity. Femora much more slender ; tarsi more
than half the length of tibiae, the third joint not broader nor emargi-
nate. Length 2.8 to 3 mm."

Distribution : Dracut, Chicopee and Tygsboro, Massachusetts ;
Providence, Rhode Island ; and Lake Oscawana, New York.

Remarks: A small elongate species with black to dark red femora.

Bagous texanus Tanner, n. sp., Fig. 6

Type female: Elongate, dark red to black, covered with whitish
to dark brown small ocellate scales, forming indistinct lateral and a
medial vittiae on the prothorax and with interspace spots on the elytra,
especially behind the middle. Antennae and legs light red covered with
scales; beak curved, dark brown covered throughout with scales, tri-
carinate with rows of setae which arise in punctures on each side of
the median carina; scrobes deep; frontal fovea distinct, area covered
with whitish scales. Prothorax a little wider than long, sides slightly
rounded, widest near the middle, a narrowed and broadly constricted
near the tip ; finely punctured and smooth with a median depression at
the base, bordered by blackish scaled areas. Elytra nearly one-half
wider than the prothorax, humeral angle obtuse, rounded ; striae medi-
uni with deep punctures; interspaces broad, only slightly elevated and

June 30, 1943

THE SUBTRIBE HYDROXOMl

21

with decumbent white setae ; only one small tubercle on the declivit\'
and the fifth interspace. Whitish blotches or bands on third, fourth
and fifth interspaces, back of the middle. Les^s short, femora strf)n<;lv
clavate. tibia slii(htl>' arcuate, claw
heavy set., tarsus short, fourth seg-
ment only as long as the two preceding
combined : first, second and third seg-
ments a Httle broader.

Size : 3.5 to 3.8 mm. in length.

Type locality: \ ictoria, Victoria
County, Te.xas. Collected by J. D.
Mitchell on Cyporus virens Michx.
Type and eleven paratypes in the United
States National Museum collection ; six
paratypes in the author's collection at
Brigham Young University, five from
V^ictoria, Texas, and one from Lake
Harney, Florida.

Remarks: Tcxanus resembles aincr-
icanus from which it differs as follows:
thorax wider and more rounding, disc
smooth, striae of elytra deeper and with
prominent punctures, surface shining,
scales smaller and less ocellate ; tibia
shorter with larger claw. Known only from the type localit)' and
Lake Harney. Florida.

Bagous cavifrons Lee.

LeConte and Horn, Rhynch. 1876, p. 186.

Black, clothed with fuscous black scales, with an oblique row from
the humeri to the declivity which ends in two large spots on the third
intervals. Beak stout, curved, tricarinate, scaly, finely punctured, as
long as prothorax and with well developed frontal fovea. Prothorax
about as wide as long, sides parallel to the tip where it is distinctly
constricted ; surface scarred with deep impressions and coarsely gran-
ulate. Elytra about one-half wider than the prothorax ; first, third,
fifth and seventh interspaces more convex, third produced into small
tubercle at the declivity while the fifth has a well formed tubercle on
the apical area; striae punctured, interspaces with a row of whitish
decumbent setae. Legs blackish except the tarsi which are dark red-
chsh ; tibiae shorter ; tarsi short, fourth segment not as long as the two
preceding combined, claws not so divergent.

Size: 3.7 to 4.1 mm. in length.

Fig. 6

Baqous tcxanus, New Species

X 13. (Original)

The Great Basin Naturalist
22 VASCO M. TANNF.K Vol. IV, NoS. 1 & 2

Distribution: Dunedin, Crescent City and Archer, Florida; Irving-
ton. New Jersey; Massachusetts; Ilhnois; Michigan and Louisiana.

Remarks: Markings and thoracic sculpturing similar to mayister,
hut smaller and with less spotting.

Bagous magister Lee.
LeCnnte and Horn, Rliynch. 187f), p. 187.

I'lackish-brown, the elytra spotted with fuscous and pale brown
scales, with a transverse spot of grayish scales crossing the suture
])eliind the middle, this spot is sometimes interrupted at the suture;
antennae and tarsi dark reddish-brown. Beak tricarinate, finely punc-
tured, as long as the prothorax and with a deep elongate fovea between
the eyes. Prothorax longer than wide, widest at the base, then slightly
tapering to near the tip where it is broadly constricted, surface with
irregular deep impressions, punctate, and with deep channel at middle.
Fdytra about one-half wider than prothorax, humeri rounded, striae
deeply punctured, third, fifth and seventh interspaces more convex ;
tubercle posterior to the declivity prominent; a pale spot, just back of
the middle extending from the fifth to the third interspace, in some
specimens beyond to the suture ; antennae and tarsi dark reddish ; legs
short, tarsi similar, but tibiae longer than in cavifrons. The female
genitalia are well developed, coxites largely chitinized with prominent
styli, eight sternite mainly membraneous. The male aedeagus is dis-
tinctive. Figures 24 and 34.

Size: 4.3 to 5.1 mm. in length.

Distribution: Good Haven, Michigan; Ramsey, Minnesota; To-
ronto, Ontario ; Massachusetts, Penn Yan, New York ; Seaside Hts.
and Irvington, New Jersey; Indiana; Allgonquin, Illinois. Iowa; antl
Paradise and Dunedin, Florida.

Remarks: Magister is the largest native species of Bagous. It is
widely distributed being found on water lilies. The deep impressions
on the prothorax, spotting on the elytra and large size make this spe-
cies easily separated from other species of P)agous.

Bagous carinatus Blatcli., Fig. 7

lllatchley, W. S. Notes on the Rhynchophora of Eastern North America with
Description of New Species, HI. Jour. N. Y. Ento. Soc, Vol. ii, pp. 95-%.
1925.

Oblong-oval and distinctly robust. Black ; head, beak, femora,
tibiae, under-surface and prothorax, except for two black basal spots,
covered with a coating of fine clay-yellow scales ; elytra covered with
fuscous-black scales and a whitish bar which unites the fifth intervals
across the suture, back of the middle and before the declivity. I'eak
shorter than the prothorax, curved, stout and tricarinate ; front f oveate

June 30. 1943

THK SUBTRint: IIYDKONOMI

23

and scales dense. Prothorax wider than long ; sides slightly sinuate,
swollen in front of middle, rather sharply constricted near the tip,
surface uneven, but not with deep impressions, with a fine median
carina reaching from the constriction to the base and with two basal
black spots. Elytra about one-half wider at base than prothorax ;
humeri obliquely angulate ; interspaces convex, especially the third,
fifth and seventh which are also
wider; each with a row of pale
setae surrounded by fuscous
scales; the fifth with a promi-
nent tubercle on declivity tipped
with whitish scales, while the
third has a small callous within
the white cross-bar ; there is a
slight depression before the mid-
dle from the humeri obliquely
to the suture ; anterior to this
depression the interspaces are
definitely elevated. Antennae and
tarsi dark red ; fourth segment
about as long as the second and
third combined ; segments not
broadened.

Size: 2.9 to 4.1 mm. in
length.

Distribution : Moore, Haven,
Paradise Key and Barlow, Flori-
da; Ft. Lee and Caldwell, New
Jersey ; Penn Yan, New York ;
Formingham and Wayland, Mas-
sachussets ; Awenne, Manitoba
and Boucheville, Quebec ; De-
troit, Michigan; Cranmoor, Wisconsin; Illinois; Eddyville, Iowa;
Huntington, Ohio; Frontenac, Minnesota; Utah Lake and St. George,
Utah ; and Vernon, B. C.

Remarks: This species is widely distributed. It has been incor-
rectly identified in many collections being listed in some as transversus,
but the color pattern, median thoracic carina and size clearly separates
the two species.

Bagous atratus Blatchley

Blatchley and Leng, Rhynch. 1916, p. 233.

Black, clothed with black distinctly ocellate scales, elytra with a
grayish-white cross-bar crossing the suture between third intervals at
the upper edge of the declivity. Beak short and stout, less in length

Fig. 7

Bagous cannafus Blatcliley

X 13. (Original)

The Great Basin Naturalist

24 vAsco m: tanner \'c)1. IV, Nos. 1 & 2

than the prothorax, with fine carhiae and a distinct frontal fovea.
I^-othorax, wider than long, constriction at tip w^ell developed, surface
granulate and with median channel. Elytra one-third wider than the
prothorax ; humeri rounded ; interspaces convex the third and fifth
more so ; striae fine with obscure punctures ; noticeable decumbent
setae on the fifth and seventh interspaces which are surrounded by
whitish scales, giving an obscure spotting appearance. Cross-bar of
whitish scales distinctive, being .5 mm, in width and covering the area
between and including the third intervals. Antennae and tarsi dark-
red in color ; fourth segment greater in length than the second and
third combined, third segment not broad and claws on fourth not di-
vergent.

Size: 3.0 to 3.2 mm. in length.

Distribution: Michigan; Palo Alto Co., Iowa (Bufo. 2011) ; and
the type locality, Virgo County, Indiana.

Remarks: Atrotits resembles in general facies planatns from
which it is easily separated by tarsal structures and the distinct white
cross-bar. Rare in collections ; known only from the type in the Pur-
due collection and the two specimens discussed above, one of which
will be deposited in the United States National Museum and one in
the writer's collection at Brigham Young University.

Bagous maculatus Blatcb.
Rlatchley and Leng, Rhyncli. 1916, p. 232.

Black, covered with slate-gray coating and scales in an obscure
pattern of lateral prothoracic stripes and spots on the elytra, a small
round to oblong one, back of the middle. Beak stout, curved and short,
not as long as the prothorax ; front granulate and scaly ; fovea very
small. Prothorax about equal in width and length ; sides widest be-
yond the middle to near the tip, then only broadly restricted ; surface
with two obscure whitish stripes, punctate, but covered with slate-gray
coating, slightly channeled at the base. Elytra wider than prothorax,
broadly rounded humeri, uniformly colored; interspaces only slightly
convex, third and fifth wider; fifth with a small tubercle beyond the
declivity; an ol)long spot of whitish scales back of the middle. An-
tennae, funicles, distal parts of the tibiae and tarsi dark red in color.

Size: 3.8 to 4.1 mm. in length.

Distribution : Known only from Dunedin, Florida.

Remarks: Through the kindness of Dr. J. J. Davis in charge of
the Blatchley collection at Purdue University I have had the oppor-
tunity of studying two of the three specimens of maculatus in the
Blatchley collection. "The large size, distinctly maculate elytra, and
tibiae, red only near the apex," as Blatchley observes, may l)e used in
distinguishing this species.

June 30, 1943 the suhtribe iivDRoNOMi 25

Bagous nebulosus Lee.
LeConte and Horn, Rhynch. of Amer. 187(), p. 186.

Form robust, black, covered with dirty scales, variegated with dark-
er and paler ones. Beak slender, curved, finely punctulate, free from
scales except at the base ; as long as the prothorax. Prothorax wider
than long, sides straight to near the tip then rather sharply and deeply
constricted, surface coarsely granulate and covered by dark and pale
scales which make two obscure lateral stripes. Elytra wider by one-
third than the prothorax ; humeri obtusely angular and prominent ;
striae deep and punctured ; punctulation obscured by scales and coat-
ing; interspaces convex and about equal except the third one which
IS wider; fifth bears a small callus; all interspaces with a row of de-
cumbent pale colored setae ; a pale colored band extends irregularly
from the humeri to back of the middle. Antennae and legs dark red.
Tarsi are short, especially the first three segments, fourth segment
slender and almost as long as the first three combined.

Size: 3 to 3.5 mm. in length.

Distribution: Port Huron and Gd. Ledge, Michigan, June; col-
lected by Hubbard and Schwarz ; Brookline and Dover, Massachusetts;
Chinchilla, Pennsylvania; New York; Washington, D. C. ; Iowa; and
Laramie, Wyoming.

Remarks: I have before me two specimens from the L'nited States
National Museum, one of which is from tlie type locality. Port Huron,
Michigan, and was collected by Hubbard and Schwarz. The other one
collected by these two famous collectors is from Gd. Ledge, Michigan.
The specimen from Port Huron may well be considered as a valuable
topotype if not a paratype although it was probably not in LeConte's
possession when the species was named. I have made the description
above from this specimen, which is being properly labeled and returned
to the entomological collection of the United States National Museum.
The variegated scale pattern and markings is very distinctive.

Bagous californicus Lee.

LeConte and Horn, Rhynch of Amer. 1876, p. 187.

"Rather robust, black, clothed with dark-gray scales of uniform
color. Beak stout, curved, shorter than the prothorax, scaly; frontal
fovea not deep. Prothorax wider than long, coarsely granulated and
rugose ; sides straight, diverging slightly from the base for two-thirds
the length, then rounded and narrowed to the tip, where it is strongly
constricted ; with a broad dorsal channel near the base. Elytra nearly
one-half wider than the prothorax, humeri oblique, slightly rounded ;
sides parallel, then obliquely narrowed and narrowly rounded at the
tip, disc flattened from the suture to the third stria, and from the

26

VASCO M. TANNER

The Great Basin Naturalist

Vol. IV, Nos. 1 & 2

base for three-fifths the length, striae fine, interspaces slightly convex ;
posterior callus prominent ; there is a feeble tubercle on the thirtl in-
terspace at about two-thirds the length. Antennae and legs reddish
brown; tarsi long. Length 2.8 mm; .11 inch.

One specimen, San Diego, California; G. R. Crotch.

Difl:"ers from B. rcstrictus by the tubercle on the third interspace
behind the middle, and by the absence of the white spot which occupies
a similar position in that species."

Remarks: 1 have before me several specimens of Bagous from
Los Angeles and Redondo, California, which are clearly rcstrictus due
to the presence of the white spot back of the middle and the tubercle
on the third interspace. 1 am unable to separate the Texas and Cali-
fornia specimens. Mr. Werner compared my California specimens
with LeConte's type of californicus and considered one of them as
similar to the type, but commented that "type MCZ 5297 has been
rubbed slightly. The white spot is present, although indistinct because
of this, a slip, on LeConte's part." If the San Diego specimen ( type of
californicus) has a distinct third interspace tubercle along with other
morphological characters, mentioned in the description, it undoubtedly
is a distinct species. At present I am inclined to believe that rcstrictus
my be a synonym of calif oruicus, but the types of the two species must
be carefully studied in the light of our present knowledge of the spe-
cies of Bagous. LTntil this is done these species are treated as distinct.

Bagous chandleri Tanner, n. sp., Fig. 8

lUifjous

X

Fiff.

Jiandtcri

14. (O

. Now Species
rifiinal)

Rather elongate, black, covered with
cinereous, variegated scales over the
body, prothorax, head beneath and legs;
a whitish band behind the middle con-
necting across the suture, the third in-
terspaces ; antennae, femora, tibiae and
tarsi red, except the distal ends of the
femora which are black. Tk-ak black,
stout, slightly curved well toward tip
with white scales, not as long as the pro-
thorax, front broadly impressed and
densely covered with white scales and
coating. Prothorax about one and one-
third as wide as long; sides diverging
from the base to beyond the middle
where it is widest, a broad constriction
at the tip ; surface granulate and finely
punctate ; with a broad basal and apical
median de])ression ; covering uniform
whitish ocellate scales. Elytra one-third

June 30. 1943 thk subtkii!f. hydkonomi 27

wider tlian prolhorax humeri (jhlicjue, uo[ prominent, sides straight for
four-fifths the leui^th then smoothly rounded at the apex ; interspaces
sHghtly convex, the third and fifth a httle wider than the others; the
fifth with a small conical tubercle on the declivity; a distinct whitish
cross-bar between the third interspaces ; interspaces each with a row
of pale setae; tarsi long, the fourth segment as long as the two pre-
ceding combined ; claws divergent and long ; third segment not emar-
ginate or bnjad.

Size: 2.5 to 2.9 mm. in length.

Type localit}': Type, Utah Lake shore, Utah County, Utah,
( Marry F. Chandler. June 6. 1941 ; paratypes, Utah Lake shore. Wick-
ham and Chandler, collectors ; mouth Bear River, Boxelder County,
L'tah, A. Wetmore, collector, July 12, 1915; and one specimen col-
lected in Washington, D. C, on Eleocharis pahistres which was col-
lected at Havee, Montana. Type and partypes in the writer's collection
at Brigham Young University. Nine paratypes in the United States
National Museum. One paratype in the Entomological Collection of
the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge.
Massachusetts.

Remarks : In general appearance this species seems to be related
to the calif ornicus-restrictus complex. The white variegated scales and
coating along with the size, wide prothorax, short, stout beak and
long tarsi make this a distinctive species. Named in honor of the
collector and a former student of entomology, now in the Naval forces
of our country.

Bagous tingi Tanner, n. sp.. Fig. 9

Oblong-oval, robust, rubescent to black covered with grayish white
scales and coating. Prothorax and elytra scales noticeably ocellate,
the red color of the integument showing through the covering of
scales. Beak not as long as the prothorax, curved, tricarinate. the
median carina well developed and extending from the origin of the
scrcjbes to the broad well developed fovea of the front which is black
granulate and with white scales ; sides and tip reddish and punctulate.
l*rothorax wider than long, widest beyond the middle, strongly con-
stricted at the tip ; surface granulate, with a median channel at base
and tip interrupted at the middle ; elytra only one-fourth wider than
the prothorax ; humeri broad and oblique ; interspaces practically flat,
except the third and fifth which are slightly convex and wider. The
fifth with a small tubercle on the declivity; striae shallow and finely
punctured. Antennae and legs red, distal portion of femora black ;
tarsi, fourth segment about as long as the three preceding segments
combined, claws long and divergent.

Size: 2.8 to 3.1 mm. in length.

28

VASCO M. TANNER

The Great Basin Naturalist

X'ol.lWXos. 1 ^2

Type localil)' : Lake

Pilarcitos, San Mateo County, California;
collectors, P. C. Ting and M. Cazier,
August 27, 1939. Type and one para-
type in writer's collection at Brigham
Young University; one paratype in Mr.
P. C. Ting's collection, San Francisco,
California, and one paratype in the en-
tomological collection, United States Na-
tional Museum, Washington, D. C. The
four specimens from the type locality.

Remarks : Tingi has a rubescent col-
or, a beak that is tricarinate, no white
spot before the declivity, long tarsi and
size about 3 mm. It is closely related to
chandleri.

Bagous restrictus Lee.

LeConte and Horn, Rhynch. of i\mer. 1876,
p. 187.

Fig. 9

Bagous tingi, New Species

X 15. (Original)

Black, covered with dirt-colored scales,
with some brown to blackish scales intermixed, white spots on the sec-
ond and third interspaces, also the tubercle on the declivity. Beak
carinate, not as long as the prothorax-; distal reddish, front clothed
with dirt-colored scales, which obscure the fovea. Prothorax wider
than long, widest just before the tip which is broadly constricted, sur-
face finely granulate and with slight basal channel. Elytra wider than
prothora.x, humeri oblique, not prominent; interspaces slightly convex,
third one widest, fifth with a small conical tubercle on the declivity;
the white spot before the declivity and the white of the tubercle no-
ticeable. Legs, antenna and distal portion of the beak reddish, tarsi
long, fourth segment not so long as in chandleri and /;;/(//, but about
as long as the second and third segments combined.

.Size: 2.4 to 2.7 mm. in lengtli.

Distribution: Urovvnsville, Texas; Lake ()k()boii, Iowa City and
l^ddyville, Iowa; Indiana; Illinois; Ithaca, New York; Boucherville.
Quebec, Canada; Maryland; California and Oregon.

Remarks: The al)ove is the distribution of the specimens con-
sidered as restrictus. The California si)ecimens are identical willi
those from Texas which according to LeConte's description are re-
strictus. Collecting, in the future, around San Diego may result in
obtaining s])ecimens of califoriiiciis.

lunc v'^0. 1943 titk suirrKiiu-: ii vdkonom i 29

Bagous puritanus P>latcli.

Blatchley and Leng, Rhynch. 1910, p. 233.

"Elongate, slender, sul^cylindrical. Black, densely clothed with
dark gray scales; a stripe each siflc of thorax, a spot on humeri and
a narrow cross-bar between the third intervals of elytra at declivity
of whitish ones ; antennae, except club, tip of beak, tibiae and tarsi
pale reddish-brown. Beak much shorter than thorax, slender, curved;
front not foveate. Thorax as wide as long, sides feebly curved con-
stricted near apex ; disc densely and finely granulate. Elytra one-
ihird wider at base than thorax, sides straight to the declivity, then
strongly converging to apex ; third interval slightly more convex than
the others, tubercle of the fifth very faint. Length 2.5 mm. (W.S.B.)"

Distribution : Dracut and Nantucket Island, Massachusetts.

Remarks: The above is a short, good description of puritanus.
The gray scales and coating gives the appearance of a powder on the
body. To the above description should be added the following : Legs
not long, slender; tarsi not long, fourth segment about as long as the
three preceding combined; distal end of the fourth segment black.
Through the kindness of Dr. Banks and Mr. Werner of Harvard
College I have had an opportunity of studying specimens of this
species.

Bagous pusillus Lee.

LeConte and Horn, Rhynch. of Amer. 1876, p. 187.

"Less robust, black, clothed with dirt-colored scales, elytra with a
broad toothed transverse band behind the middle. Beak stout, curved,
as long as the prothorax. scaly, frontal fovea faint. Prothorax about
as wide as long, sides straight, suddenly rounded, narrowed and strong-
ly constricted near the tip; coarsely granulated. Elytra nearly one-
half wider than the prothorax, humeir prominent, oblic}ue and rounded,
sides nearly parallel, then oblique, tips rather broadly rounded, poste-
rior callus small, very prominent ; striae fine, interspaces nearly flat.
Antennae and legs brown, tarsi long. Length 1.8 mm. ; .07 inch."

Distribution: Capron, Florida; Illinois; and Mt. Co., Massachu-
setts.

Remarks : This is one of the smallest American species of Bagous,
ranging from 1.8 to 2.2 mm. in length. The brownish black band;
prominent tubercle and small size gives this species considerable dis-
tinctiveness.

Bagous bituberosus Lee.

LeConte and Horn, Rhynch. of Amer. 1876, p. 188.

"Black, covered with dirt-colored scales. Beak stout, shorter than

The Great Basin Naturalist
30 ' VASCO M. TANNER Vol. IV. NoS. 1 & 2

!hc prothorax, which is of the same form as in the preceding, feebly
channeled and more finely granulate. Elytra wider than the prothorax,
humeri less oblique, obtusely angulated, prominent ; striae deep, inter-
spaces convex, fifth more elevated behind, and terminating in a large
tuberosity ; the third is a little wider and more convex than the ad-
joining ones. Antennae, tibiae and tarsi dark testaceous; third joint
not dialated, fourth as long as the two preceding united. Length
3 mm. ; .12 inch."

Distribution: Lawrence, Kansas ; Eddyville, Iowa; Indiana; r>ouch-
erville, Quebec and Montreal, Canada.

Remarks: This is one of the most misidentified and confused spe-
cies of Bagous. LeConte referred a specimen from Capron, Florida
to this species which Mr. Werner reports is not the same as the Kansas
specimen, a cotype. This being the case the Kansas specimen is con-
sidered as the type and the Florida specimen which seems to be dis-
tinct is probably an undescribed species according to Mr. Werner. All
the specimens I have studied have a prothorax which is as wdde. if
not slightly wider than long, a white spot before the declivit}' on some
specimens, also a slight mixture of brownish and gray scales, and
with the interspaces more convex than in floridanus. The third inter-
space has a slight callus in some specimens.

Bagous floridanus Tanner, n. sp.

Oblong-oval. Black, clothed with uniform dirt-colored scales, ex-
cept for two white spots before the declivity on the second and third
interspaces and obscure pale lateral stripes on the prothorax. Beak
as long as the prothorax, slender, distinctly tricarinate, fovea small,
front and beak to near line Up covered with scales; scrobes deep to
the eyes. Prothorax as wide as long, finely granulate sides slightlx'
sinuate, widest just before the tip which is constricted, the channel
being broadly rounding; pale lateral stripes. Elytra about one-half
wider than the prothorax. humeri obtuse; sides slightly sinuate before
the middle ; surface with ocellate scales ; intervals only slightly con-
vex, third with a very small callus at the white spot, fifth with a small
conical tubercle on the declivity. Antennae, except the clul). tibiae
and tarsi dark red ; fourth segment about as long as the three pre-
ceding ones. Third segment not broad ; a band of white scales on the
outer surface of the swollen portion of the femora.

Size: 3 to 3.2 mm. in length.

Type localit}': luiterprise, Florida. T\-pe an<l eight ])aratypes
from Enterprise, Florida in the entomological collection. Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard College. Cambridge. Massachusetts.
Four paratypes in the writer's collection at Brigham Young L^niver-

June 30. 1943 the subtkiijk iryDRONOMi 31

sitw three from IuUerpri.se, l^'lorida. and one from Ithaca, New \ ork.
Two paratypes in the L'nited States Natural Museum, both from En-
terprise, Florida. Two paratypes in the Purdue Blatchley collection.
]\n-due University, one from Lake Okeechobee, Florida, and one from
Enterprise. Florida. Two paratypes in the California Academy of
Science, San Francisco, California, both from Enterprise, Florida,
and one paratype from Enterprise, Florida in the Cornell Universit}-
lCntomolog\- collection, Ithaca, New York.

Remarks: The white spots on the el}tra and femora, cfjnical tu-
bercle, tricarinate l)eak and regular slightly convex interspaces dis-
tinguish floridaiius from hiiuhcrosus. Mr. Werner reports that the
Florida specimen referred to bifnberosiis by LeConte is not cospecific
with the Kansas specimen. Floridanus described from Enterprise,
may be the same as the Capron. Florida specimen. In any event, it is
a distinctive species being remarkably uniform in color, color markings
and bod}' shape in the 21 specimens of the type series.

Bagous pauxillus Blatch.

Blatchley and Leng, Rhyncli. W\(\ p. 238.

"Oblong-oval. I^iceous-black ; above clothed with clay-yellow and
dark brown scales, the paler ones covering the head, most of the
thorax and forming a broad, uneven stripe along each side of the
elytra, these merging across the declivit}' ; four small spots across base
of thorax and a large triangular discal one on elytra dark brown ;
under surface of body and apical halves of femora sooty brown ; an-
tennae and remainder of legs reddish. Beak one-half as long as thorax,
stout, naked and iinely punctate near apex ; front with an elongate
fovea. Thorax subcylindrical, as long as wide, sides straight, feebly
constricted near apex, disc finely and densely granulate-punctate. Ely-
tra broadly oval, one-third broader at base than tliorax. liumeri round-
ed, sides straiglit to declivity; intervals feebly convex, minutely setose,
the fifth with a prominent tubercle on declivity. Length 2 mm.
(W.S.B.)"

Distribution and Remarks : Known only from the type locality.
Guilford, Connecticut and Massachusetts. I have never seen a speci-
men of pauxillus and since I have no reason to question its distinctive-
ness as portrayed by Blatchley it is undoubtedly a good species.

Bagous transversus Lee.

LeConte and Horn, Rhynch. of Amer. 1876, p. 188.

Robust, oblong and less convex. Black covered with dirt-colored
scales; beak as long as the prothorax, curved, naked, carinate just

The Great Basin Xatiiralisl
32 N'ASCO M. TANNI'.R \'ol. IV, NoS. 1 &2

shortly below a distinct fovea. Prothorax wider than long by about
one-third, widest near the tip where it is distinctly constricted ; surface
finely granulate, sides sinuate; no trace of median channel. Elytra
uneven, marked with faint impressions, interspaces convex, all about
the same in width, striae fairly deeply punctured; tubercle on declivity
well developed. Legs and antennae, except the club, dark red to black ;
tarsi short, especially the fourth segment.

Size: 2.3 to 2.7 mm. in length.

Distribution: Detroit, Alichigan ; Irvington. New Jersey; New
Haven. Connecticut ; and Brookline, Massachusetts.

Remarks : Transversus has been greatly confused and misidenti-
lied in the collections that I have been permitted to study. Blatchley's
carinatus has been most frequently considered as transversus. The
color markings and distinctly carinate prothorax easily separates them.
LeConte's description fails to mention any white scales as spots or
bars on the elytra. Mr. Werner has compared a specimen of what I
consider carinotns with transversus and reports that they are very
similar, even may be considered as identical. Transversus was de-
scribed from a single specimen taken at Detroit, Michigan. It should
now be studied in connection with other specimens of transversus as
well as other species of Bagous, in order that the range of variations
may be noted. With the aid of several specimens compared with the
type by Mr. Werner, and after a careful study of the original descrip-
tion the specimens now considered as transversus are distinctive. Le-
Conte emphasizes the anterior prothorax in transversus. Specimens
considered as this species do not seem to have the prothorax more
strongly constricted and tubulate than other species of this genus.

Bagous ochraceus Blatch.

Rlatchlcy and Lcng, Khynch. 1916, p. 2i7 .

"Short, oval, robust. Piceous, everywhere dense)}' clothed with a
crust of dirty yellow scales ; antennae and legs dark red. Beak rather
slender, curved, as long as thorax, densely scaly, finely and denseh'
punctate. Thorax one-third wider than long, sides broadly rounded,
strongly constricted near apex. Elytra oval, one-fourth wider at base
than thorax, humeri rounded, sides evenly converging to declivity, then
more strongly so to apex; striae deep, intervals convex, each with a
row of fine whitish recurved setae ; the tubercle on declivity scarccl\-
evident. Tibiae and tarsi short, stout. Length 2.3 to 2.5 mm.
(W.S.B.V

Distribution: Dubois County, Indiana, the type locality: Garland.
Colo.; Laramie. Wyoming; and ITtali Lake. Utah.

Remarks: In 1930 T obtained from Mr. Blatchley. by purchase.

June 30. 1943 tiif. subtribe itydronomt 33

several hundred species of weevils. Included in this collection was a
pinned labeled cotype of this species. It and specimens from the above
localities agree well with the description. The tubercle on the de-
clivity is "scarcely evident" in all specimens; also rather thick crusting
which obscures the sculpturing of the prothorax and elytra.

THE GENUS PNIGODES

The genus Pnigodes was described by LeConte in 1876.*''* This
genus is similar to Bagous both as to habitat and general facies. Pni-
godes possesses the following distinctive characteristics : the second
joint of the funicle is as long as the next three combined; the legs are
stouter and longer; the fcjurth joint of the tarsi as long as the other
three combined ; prothorax wider than long and suddenly and strongly
constricted and tubulate in front; and elytra wider than prothorax
with well developed interspaces.

KEY TO SPECIE.S OF PNIGODES

1. Tarsi broader and emarginate. Prothorax with black vitta bordering the
white median channel : lateral portions of elytra whitish, median portion
chestnut brown to black ; size 3.5 mm buchanani n. sp.

Tarsi narrow and not emarginate ; prothorax without black vitta ; lateral
portions of elytra not whitish 2

2. Prothorax and elytra coarsely granulate; a white band behind the middle,
which connects the third interspaces ; one small tubercle on declivity of
each elytron ; size 2.5 to 2.9 mm scfosus Lee.

Prothorax and elytra without granulation; prothorax uniformly whitish
to yellowish except for two basal dark spots bordering the median chaiuiel :
four tubercles on the declivity of each elytron ; size 4.15 mm., .tiibcrosiis n. sp.

Pnigodes buchanani Tanner, n. sp.. Fig. 10

Type : Female, elongate, slender. Chestnut brown to black, cov-
ered beneath, lateral portion of elytra, sides and on median, channel
of prothorax with whitish scales. Legs and antennae dark red. Reak
long, curved not carinate. slender and black ; front with a distinct
fovea ; finely granulate, with light yellow and brown scales inter-
mixed. Prothorax wider than long, rather flat on top and angu'ate
from base to widest part anterior to middle, then strongly constricted
and moderately tubulate; black vitta from base to apex on each side
of shallow whitish channel, surface moderately granulate. Elvtra
slightly wider than prothorax. humeri prominent, angle obtuse, inter-

(i;) Op. cit. p. 188.

34

VASCO M. TANNER

The Great Basin Naturalist

Vol.lV.Nos. 1 &2

spaces separated by well developed striae; third and fifth only a little
more elevated, fifth bearing a tubercle at the declivity; color pattern
distinctive, the central area including the third interspaces from the
base to apex chestnut brown to black ; while the lateral portions in-
cluding the tubercle are whitish. The interspaces each have a row
of whitish setae. The tarsi are moderately long ; the fourth segment
as long or longer than the other three combined ; the third segment
is broad and emarginate. The first segment of the funicle is large,
the second one is as long as the next three combined.

Size : 3.5 to 3.6 mm. in length.

Type locality: Opelousas, Louisiana, collected by R. A. Cushman.
on Ptilimniwn capillaccuin (Michx.) on May 7, 1908. Type and five
partypes in the entomological collection of the United States National
Museum. Four paratypes in the author's collection, Brigham Young
University.

Remarks : Buchanatii dififers from sctosus in that it is larger, with
less tubulation on the constricted portion of the prothorax, less granu-
late on thorax and elytra and with a very different color pattern. They

Fig. 10

Piiit/odcs huchanani. New Species

X 12. (Original)

Fig. 11

Piiicjodcs sctosus LeConte

'X 14. (Original)

are similar since the second joint of the funicle is long, the legs are
stout and long, the fourth joint of the tarsi is as long as the other
three combined and the claws are long and divergent. The third tarsal
joint is broader and emarginate in huchanani. Roth species have a
median channel on the i)rothorax and a depression from the base of
the elytra to the apex along the suture between the third interspaces.

June 30. 1043 tiik suirrKiru-: hydroxom] 35

The third interspaces are slightly elevated. All the interspaces have
a row of decumbent white setae. The tubercle on the fifth interspace
is larger in huchauani than it is in sctosus. The female genitalia are
similar in that the valvifers are not present; the coxites bear small
terminal styli and the eighth sternite is largely membraneous with
two chitinized areas forming a V. The spermathecae of sctosus is
less crenulate than buchanani.

Pnigodes setosus Lee. Fig. 11
LeConte and Horn. Rhynch. of Amer. 1876, p. 189.

"Black, covered with a dirt-colored crust; prothorax deeply and
broadly channeled ; elytra finely striae with the alternate interspaces
elevated, and bearing each a row of long bristles ; a transverse com-
mon pale spot is seen behind the middle, extending from the suture to
the third stria. The antennae and legs are brown. Length 2.4 to
2.8 mm.; .09 to .12 inch."

Distribution : Calvert, Paris and Brownsville. Texas ; Louisiana ;
Riley Co., Kansas; Gresham, Nebraska; Iowa; Lake Preston. South
Dakota; Santa Ana. California; Peach Springs, Arizona; and Helena.
Montana.

Remarks : Sctosus is found to be fairly widely distributed. Speci-
mens have been bred from the roots of Lcpidiuni sp. at Calvert. Texas.
In the original drawings of these species, now assigned to this genus,
the generic and specific characters are clearly shown, which should
be of aid in separating the species.

Pnigodes tuberosus Tanner, n. sp.. Fig. 12

Type female: Flongate, oblong. Black, densely clothed with
brownish yellow, very small ocellate scales; anterior thorax and pos-
terior portion elytra lighter in color ; beak and femora black ; antennae,
tibiae and tarsi dark red in color. Beak shorter than the prothorax,
slightly curved with sparse black scales on upper portion, anterior
glabrous ; front broadly impressed, covered with light yellow scales.
Prothorax wider than long, narrowed behind, with a widening to the
lateral tubercle before the middle then greatly constricted, but not
tubulate ; surface with shallow impressions, dorsal channel complete,
with two dark basal spots near the channel. Elytra more than one-
half wider than the prothorax. humeri oblique and tuberculate ; the
tubercle on the origin of the seventh and eighth interspaces; the fifth
interspaces are more convex, each with an anterior and two posterior
tubercles, the posterior tubercle on the declivity is .5 mm. in length ;
the third interspaces more elevated than the contiguous ones, each
with a tubercle on the declivity and the apex, the apical ones are about

36

VASCO M. TANNER

The Great Basin Xaturalist

Vol.lV,Nos. 1&2

one-half the size of the tubercles on the declivit)' of the hfth inter-
spaces ; disc flattened and sloping to the suture, making a wide de-
pression from the base to the apex which in-
cludes the first and second interspaces ; the
ba^al half is brownish while the posterior half
is yellowish. Second joint of the funicle is
as long as the next three combined. Tarsi
long, third joint not dilated, fourth as long
as the three preceding united, legs long, hind
tibiae heavy and strongly arcuate.

Size: 4.1 mm. in length.

Type locality : Described from a single
specimen collected in Iowa. Holotype in the
writer's collection at Brigham Young Uni-
versity.

Remarks : This is a most distinctive spe-
cies, which may be easily separated from other
described species by the lateral tubercles of
the prothorax and the several large tubercles
of the elytra.

Fig. 12
Pnigodcs tubcrosiis

New Species
X 9. (Original)

June 30, 1943 the subtkibe hydronomi 37

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I

Female Genitalia

\ entral view of Eiidaliis liiiia lulus (Gyll.)
Spermathecae of Endalus liinatulus (Gyll.)
Ventral view of Onychylis niyrirostris (Boh.)
Spermathecae of Onychylis nigrirosiris (Boh.)
Ventral view of Aiicliodciiius liubbardi Lee.
\'entral view of Lissorlioptrus simplex Say.
Spermathecae of Lissorhoptrus simplex Say.
Ventral view of Bagous mamillatus Say.
Ventral view of Bagous carinatus Blatch.
Spermathecae of Bagous carinatus Blatch.
Ventral view- of Bagous tingi, new^ species
Spermathecae of Bagous tingi, new species
\'entral view of Bagous texanus, new species
Ventral view of Bagous magister Lee.
Ventral view of Bagous ochraccus Blatch.
Ventral view of Pnigodes setosus Lee.
Spermathecae of Pnigodes setosus Lee.
Spermathecae of Pnigodes buchanani, new species
Ventral view of Pnigodes buchanani, new species
Ventral view of Bagous americanus Lee.
Spermathecae of Bagous americanus Lee.

Male Genitalia

Aedeagus of Anchodemus hubbardi Lee.
Aedeagus of Anchodemus angustus Lee.
Aedeagus of Bagous magister Lee.
Aedeagus of Bagous americanus Lee.
Aedeagus of Bagous carinatus Blatch.
Aedeagus of Bagous chandleri, new species

ABBREVIATIONS

sty stylus 7ths seventh sternite

c coxite 8ths eighth sternite

vf valvifer 9ths ninth sternite

Fig.

13.

Fig.

14.

Fig.

15.

Fig.

16.

Fig-

17.

Fig.

18.

Fig.

19.

Fig.

20.

Fig.

21.

Fig.

22.

Fig.

23.

Fig.

24.

Fig.

25.

Fig.

26.

Fig.

27.

Fig.

28.

Fig.

29.

Fig.

30.

Fig.

31.

Fig.

32.

Fig.

33.

Fig-

34.

Fig.

35.

Fig.

36.

Fig.

37.

Fig.

38.

Fig.

39.

38

VASCO M. TANNER

The Great Basin Naturalist

Vol. IV, Nos. 1 & 2

PLATK I

Male and Female Genital Structures of Species of Weevils belonging
to the Subtribe Hvdrononii

FOUR NEW SPECIES OF COLLEM P.OLA
ROY w. chambp:rlain

Department ut Zoology and Entomology, Montana State College

In this paper is included, besides descriptions of four new species
of Collembola from Montana and Oregon, a key to the Genus
Oiiychiuriis in North America north of Mexico. The author claims
no originality for this key, other than for the newly described species
inserted, since it is a compilation from previous keys by Dr. J. W.
Folsom and Dr. H. B. Mills.

Two of the new species, AcJwrutcs thomomys and Isoloma spatu-
lata, are of special interest since they were inhabitants of micro-cavern
environment, the former species in gopher burrows in Montana and
the latter in the nests of termites in Oregon.

Probably of all the larger genera of Collembola, that of Onychiurus
has been worked on the least and is the most incomplete in the litera-
ture. While it is believed that the key to the North American species
of Onychiurus in this paper is complete as far as references in litera-
ture are concerned, without a doubt it represents only a very small
number of the species of this genus, compared with those which are
waiting to be found and described. Leaf mold samples from nearly
every new locality and habitat are apt to reward the collector with
species hitherto unknown, but comparatively little work has been done
on this group because their taxonomic characters are minute and their
study represents a painstaking and eyestraining task.

Achorutes thomomys Chamberlain, n. sp.

Color white, eyes absent. Postantennal organ generally with five peripheral
tubercules, though occasionally with four or six (Fig. 14). Antemoae shorter
than the head. Proportion of antennae to head diagonal is as 3 to 4. Olfactory
hairs on the 4th antennal segment four in number, three outer and one inner ;
large subapical tuberculate papilla present ; one large apical cup-shaped socket
bearing a heavy curved seta, and an adjacent smaller, socketed tubercle bearing a
straight, shorter, heavy seta (Fig. 21). Ratio of antennal segments 1 to 4,
9:12:17:18 or 10:12:16:18.

Sense organ of 3rd antennal segment (Fig. 17) with two short oblong-ovate
sense processes, three plain guard setae, one serrate guard seta, and two slender
fusiform rods about three times as long as the sense processes.

Unguis (Fig. 19) slightly curving, finely tuberculate, with one inner tooth
situated one-fourth from the tip. Unguiculus half or slightly more than half as
long as unguis (inside measurement), the basal half tuberculate, distal half nar-
row, acuminate. Praetarsal seta long, nearly as long as unguiculus.

Two tenent hairs, weakly knobbed, the shorter slightly longer than the unguis

39

The (iieat Basin Naturalist
40 ROY W. CHAMBERLAIN \o\, l\ , XoS. 1 & 2

and extending to about the mid-point of the unguis ; the longer 1 1/3 as long as
the unguis and extending approximately to the inner tooth of the unguis.

Dens broad, finely tuberculate and granular, with sparse, heavy dorsal setae,
one sub-apical and extending to the tip of the mucro (Fig. 15). Mucro to dens
as 1:4; dens to manubrium as 5:8. Furcula extending to about the middle of
the third abdominal segment (Fig. 18). Mucro feebly curved and three times
as long as its basal width. Bluntly pointed in strict lateral view (Fig. 16) ; in
3/4 view with a sub-apical tooth-like proininence (Fig. 15), and lateral lamella
giving a canoe-shaped appearance. Anal spines (Fig. 20) two, 2/5 as long as
hind unguis. Anal papillae prominent, about 2/3 as long as anal horns. Cloth-
ing consisting of short, sparse, mostly serrate setae (Fig. 22), more numerous
posteriorly. Setae on head irregular ; irregular on meso- and meta-thorax, with
occasional erect smooth setae slightly longer than the normal body setae. Abd.
I, II, III roughly with two rows of setae each; setae more irregularly arranged
on Abd. IV, V, and VI. No hairs on tenaculum. Three teeth on each ramus.
Total length, .8 to 1.2 mm., not including antennae.

Due to the above com'bination of characters, this species is radi-
cally different from any hitherto described. Probably it falls into the
sub-genus Mcsachorutcs Absolon, 1900, due to the reduction in eyes,
the type of postantennal organ, and presence of tenent hairs. It
might be placed with nearly equal justification in Bonet's subgenus,
Typlilof/astrura, 1930, due to the lack of eyes and pigmentation. The
anal horn of this new species is much too small to fit his keys and de-
scription, but this is hardly of generic significance. The postantennal
organs would fit the species into either the sub-genus Typhlogastriira
or Mcsachorutcs, since they are of similar type in these two sub-
genera.

Achorutcs tlioiiioinys n. sp. difters from I)onet's genotype, Achor-
utes (Typhlogastrura) mendizahali, 1930, which it resembles some-
what, in many respects, especially important among these being the
shorter anal horns, the dififerent shape of the claws, furcula, and 3r(l
antennal segment organ, numiber of olfactory hairs on antenna 4, and
body covering, and in number of lobes of the postantennal organ, . /.
mcndirjabali having seven while A. thomomys has four to six.

This species was collected in great numbers by C. A. Tryon Jr.
fr(jm a nest of the pocket gopher, Tliomomys hilpoidcs (Richardson),
in the I'ridger Mountains near Bozeman, Montana, in August, 1941.
The cotypes are in the collection of Dr. H. B. Mills and the author.

Key to the Genus Onychiurns in North America North of Mexico

1. Anal spines alxscnt. Tul)orclos of postanteimal organ compound or simple... 2
Anal spines ])rcscnt 4

2. I ubcrcles of postantennal organ sim])k', consisting of 11 to 15

June 30, 1943 four new spfxif.s of collembola 41

ainbiilaiis-iucniiis forma oregoiiciisis Denis, 1929

Tubercles of postantennal organ compound 3

3. Body stout. Antenna! organ with four papillae and two ovate-erect sense

clubs fiinitarius L., Lubb., 1767, 1868

Bod}' slender. Antennal organ with five papillae and two subrenifcrm
obhque sense clubs psciidoiuiiitarius Fols., 1917

4. Tubercles of postantennal organ simple 5

Tubercles of postantennal organ compound 15

5. Postantennal organ elongate-eliptical with about 18-20 closely set tuber-
cles 6

Postantennal organ with about 8-14 separated tuueicic. 12

6. Pseudocelli of antennal bases i-\-2) 7

Pseudocelli of antennal bases 2-\-2 or 4+4 11

7. Unguiculus about half the unguis. Anal papillae greatly reduced, flat ....

pan-iconiis Mills, 1934

Unguiculus more than half the unguis. Anal papillae not greatly reduced.. 8

8. Furcula represented by two large tubercles. Postantennal organ of forty

to fifty irregularly placed tubercles obcsiis Mills, 1934

Furcula represented by integumentary fold or not at all 9

9. Furcula represented by integumentary fold. Tubercles of postantennal
organ at right angles to long axis of the organ. Two sense clubs on third

antennal organ tuberculate 10

Furcula not represented by integumentary fold. The two sense clubs on
third antennal segment organ granular cncarpatus Denis, 1931

10. Tubercles of postantennal organ not crowded together. Pseudocelli of
antennal base arranged in a triangle; those of fifth abdominal segment in

a straight line on each side. Unguiculus as long as the unguis

armatus { Tullb. ), 1869

Tubercles of postantennal organ crowded together. Pseudocelli of an-
tennal base almost in a straight line ; those of fifth abdominal segment in

a triangle on each side. Unguiculus much shorter than the unguis

pscitdarmatus Fols., 1917

11. Pseudocelli of antennal bases 2 + 2. Postantennal organ with about

twenty tubercles litorcus Fols., 1917

Pseudocelli of antennal bases 4 + 4. Postantennal organ with about
thirty-three to thirty-seven tubercles octopunctatiis Tullb., 1876

12. Pseudocelli of antennal bases 2^1. raroly 3 + 3. . . .subicuiiis Fols., 1917
Pseudocelli of antennal bases 1 + 1 13

13. Anal spines contigious. Sense clubs of antennal organ subovate, oblique

siiiiiUs Fols., 1917

Anal spines separated 14

14. Tubercles of postantennal organ 9 in number, with lateral indentations
tapering toward the point cf attachment at base, giving irregular shape
to tubercles ; postantennal organ partially or entirely hidden in a fold ;
pigment absent: dorsal pseudocelli 0, 1 + 1, 2+2. 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 1+1,

2-\-2, 0; unguis stout, strongly curving, untoothed irregularis n. sp.

Tubercles of postantennal organ 8 to 11 in number, smoothly oval, ellip-
tical or ovate in shape, with no lateral indentations tapering toward base ;

The Great Basin Naturalist
42 ROY W. CHAMBERLAIN Vol. IV, NoS. 1 &2

postantennal organ not hidden ; yellow body pigment usually present ;
dorsal pseudocelli of body segments 0, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1,
2+2, 0 ; unguis stout, feebly curving, untoothed cocklei Fols., 1908

15. Tubercles of postantennal organ distinctly branched 16

Tubercles of postantennal organ with hundreds of closely set papillae....!/

16. Third antennal segment orgati with 5 papillae, 2 granular, nearly round
sense clubs, 2 sense rods, and 5 guard setae. Pseudocelli on antennal base

3 + 3 oreadis Mills, 1935

Third antennal segment organ with 4 papillae, 2 capitate, coarsely tubercu-
late sense clubs, 2 sense rods, and 3 guard setae. Pseudocelli on antennal
base 2 + 2 rcDiwsits Fols., 1917

17. Anal papillae large ; pseudocelli of antennal base 2 + 2, body pseudocelli
as follows: 0, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 2+2, 2+2, 1 + 1, 2+2, 3 + 3, 0; unguis curving,
stout, teeth absent, basally tuberculate. Anal spines 2, 3/4 as long as hind

unguis, curved. Maximum length of cotypes, 1.7 mm luillsi n. sp.

Anal papillae reduced to rings ; pseudocelli of antennal base 2+2, body
pseudocelli as follows : 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2+2, 2+2, 0 ; unguis strongly curv-
ing, basally tuberculate, 5 or 6 toothed as follows : paired pseudonychial
teeth one-third from the base of the claw, a pair of lateral teeth near
the apex of claw, and one or two distal teeth on the outer margin. x\nal
spines 2, less than half as long as the unguis, almost straight. Maximum
length, 4 mm doitatus Fols., 1902

Onychiurus millsi Chamberlain, n. sp.

Specimen entirely white, postantennal organ elongate, with a great number
of closely set papillae. (Fig. 4) Antennae to head diagonal as 5 to 9 ; segments
in the following proportions: 29:40:41:66. Third antennal segment organ (Fig.
7) with 5 slender papillae, finely tuberculate, 5 guard setae, a pair of slender,
fusiform sense rods, and two papillae sense clubs. Unguis (Fig. 2) curving, stout,
teeth absent, praetarsus tuberculate. Unguiculus untoothed, weakly lamellate on
the proximal third, acuminate distally and one-half as long as the unguis (inside
measurement). Tenent hairs absent. The pseudocelli visible from the dorsal view
(Fig. 6) are as follows: Antennal base, 2-2; back of head, 0-0; prothorax, 0-0:
mesothorax, 1-1; metathorax, 1-1; Abd. I, 2-2; Abd. II, 2-2; Abd. Ill, 1-1;
Abd. IV, 2-2; Abd. V, 3-3; Abd. VI, 0-0. In addition the mesothorax, meta-
thorax, Abd. Ill, and Abd. IV have one lateral pseudocellus on each side. .Anal
horns 2, (Fig. 3) about 3/4 as long as hind unguis, curved, with prominent, sepa-
rated papillae. Clothing of body consisting of sparse short setae with a sprin-
kling of longer setae, about twice the length of the short ones. The anal segment
is characterized by more numerous long setae than the rest of the body (Fig. 5).
The supra-anal lobe is rounded. Total length, not including antennae, 1.6 to
1.7 mm.

Onychiurus millsi n. sp. keys out quite close by to Onychiurus den-
tatus Folsom since the postantennal organ and third antennal segment
organ of these two forms are quite similar, and both have pseudocelli
of antennal bases 2-2. O. millsi differs from O. dcniatus, however, by
lacking teeth on the unguis and by having prominent anal papillae.

June 30, 1943 four new species of collembola 43

while the anal papillae of dcntatus are reduced to rings. The body
pseudocelli of the two species also differs in position and number.

This new species was described from about thirty specimens col-
lected by R. L. Post in leaf mold, Glen Harbor, Portland, Oregon,
January 28, 1940. Cotypes are in the collecticKis of Dr. H. B. Mills
and the author.

Onychiurus irregularis Chamberlain, n. sp.

Bodj' color white ; eyes, furcula absent ; tenent hairs absent. Postantennal
organ (Fig. 9, 10) in specimens examined of nine simple tubercules, more or less
parallel to the long axis of the organ, showing lateral grooves which taper to-
ward point of attachment of the tubercules and give an irregular appearance to
them. Postantennal organ partially or entirely concealed in a deep fold, but may
be brought into full view by careful heating in lactic acid.

Antennae about 3/4 to 5/6 of the head diagonal, segments 1 to 4 in the prcj-
portions 9:12:14:19. 3rd antennal segment organ (Fig. 13) with 5 tuberculatc
papillae, 4 guard setae, a pair of sense rods, and two coarsely tuberculate sense
clubs.

Dorsal pseudocelli (Fig. 11) as follows: Antennal bases, 1-1; base of head,
0-0; prothorax, 0-0; mesothorax, 1-1; metathorax, 2-2; Abd. I, 1-1; Abd. II, 1-1;
Abd. Ill, 1-1; Abd. IV, 1-1 ; Abd. V, 2-2; Abd. VI, 0-0; pseudocelli of the meta-
thorax and Abd. V in oblique pairs.

Unguis (Fig. 8) rather heavy, curved, untoothed. Unguiculus slender, .6 as
long as unguis (inside measurement) ; basal half weakly lamellate, apical half
acuminate. Tenent hairs absent. Anal horns two, (Fig. 12) a little shorter than
the hind unguis, or prominent, divergent papillae. Furcula absent.

B(xly clothing comprised of sparse, short, simple setae, longer on the anal
segment. Integumentary tubercules rather large. Total length of specimen varies
from 2-0 to 2.2 mm., not including antennae.

This species resembles in many respects Onychiurus cocklei Fol-
som. The main differences are that the claw is more curved dorsally ;
the pseudocelli are 2-2 on the metathorax instead of 1-1 ; the tuber-
cules of the postantennal organ are furrowed on the sides ; the post-
antennal organ is partially or entirely hidden in a fold ; and the yellow
coloration usually possessed by 0. cocklei is absent. Described from
about 40 cotypes collected under strawberry plants at Gerrais, Oregon,
February 25, 1937, by Mr. R. L. Post. Cotypes in collections of Dr.
H. B. Mills and the author.

Isotoma spatulata Chamberlain, n. sp.

Ground color white, with sparse, light blue, punctiform pigment on base of
head and on dorsal and pleural regions of mesothorax, metathorax, and Abd. I,
II, III, and IV. Pigment heavier on head and thoracic segments than on the
abdominal segments. (Fig. 26) Fyes absent; postantennal organ close to base of
antenna (about 1 1/2 narrow widths of postantennal organ from base of antenna) ;

44

The Great Basin Naturalist
ROY W. CHAMBERLAIN \V)]. l\ , XoS. 1 &' 2

PLATE I

June 30. 1943 four new sima iks oi- collkmbola

45

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

Plate I

Oiiycliiitnts millsi n. sp.

Fig. L Pseudocelli. 4tli abdominal segment. X 487.

Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig

2. Left hind claw, lateral view, X 487.

3. Anal horn, X 487.

4. Postantennal organ, X 487.

5. Anal segment, lateral view. X 105.

6. Entire specimen, dorsal view, X 47.

7. 3rd antennal segment organ, X 686.

Onychinnis irregularis n. sp.

Fig. 8. Left hind claw, lateral view. X 334.

Fig. 9. Postantennal organ, X 686.

Fig. 10. Tubercles of postantennal organ, lateral view, X 1050.

Fig. 11. Entire specimen, dorsal view, X 43.

Fig. 12. Anal horn, X 334.

Fig. 13. 3rd antennal segment organ. X 487.

46

ROY W. CHAMBERLAIN

The Great Basin Naturalist

\(.l. IV,No.s. 1 &2

PLATE n

Tune 30. 1943 four new speciks of coli.emrola 47

EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Plate 11
.Ichonttcs flioiiioiiiys n. sp.

Fig. 14. Views of postantennal organ showing variations, X 945.

Fig. 15. Mucro, three-quarter view. X 652.

Fig. 16. Mucro, lateral view. X 945.

Fig. 17. 3rd antennal segment organ. X 945.

Fig. 18. Entire specimen, lateral view, X 61.

Fig. 19. Left hind claw , lateral view. X 652.

Fig. 20. Anal horn, X 652.

Fig. 21. Tip of 4th antennal segment. X 652.

Fig. 22. Serrated hairs of 4th abdominal segment. X 652.

Isotoiua spatiilata n. sp.

Fig. 23. Left hind claw , lateral view, X 675.

Fig. 24. Right mesothoracic claw, inside view, X 675.

Fig. 25. Postantennal organ. X 495.

Fig. 26. Entire specimen, lateral view. X 41.

Fig. 27. Mucro, lateral view. X 675.

Fig. 28. 3rd antennal segment organ, X 675.

The Great Basin Naturalist
48 ROY W. CHAMBERLAIN Vol. 1 V, NoS. 1 & 2

irregularly egg-shaped (l"ig. 25). The long axis of the postantennal organ is
about 1 1/3 times as long as the mucro. Antennae slightly longer than the head
diagonal, in the proportions 32:29. Relative length of antennal segments to eacii
jther, starting with first segment, 12:18:19:30. 3rd and 4th abdominal segments
ds 5:4. Genital and anal segments weakly separated. Unguis (Fig. 2?). 24)
strongly curved, sickle-shaped, without teeth, obliquely truncate apically, and with
a greatly developed lateral lamella on each side which gives a spatula-shaped ap-
pearance when viewed directly from the inside ; except for the lamellae, very
finely tuberculate, with heavier tuberculations on the base. Unguiculus approxi-
mately 3/4 as long as the unguis (inside measurement) with no lamellae, tuber-
culate at base. Praetarsal seta present on each side, extending to or slightly past
apex of the praetarsus. No tenent hairs present.

3rd antennal segment organ (Fig. 28) with two blunt sense processes, 2.5 to
3 times as long as wide. Furcula apparently appended to the 5th Abd., extending
to the posterior portion of the 2nd Abd. segment. Dens to manubrium as 2:1,
slender, tapering, finely crenulate dorsally, the crenulations ending the length of
the mucro from the apex. Clothing on dens consisting of shorty erect setae, with
a long sub-apical seta twice the length of the mucro and extending one-third of
its length past the end of the macro. ]Mucro to dens as 1 :28 ; to hind unguis as
1 :2.5. Ventral margin of mucro strongly curved, with a large apical tooth, an-
teapical tooth approximately the same size, and a proximal tooth, lateral in po-
sition, slightly smaller (Fig. 271. Rami of tenaculum quadridentate, corpus with
several anterior setae. The body of the insect is covered wih plentiful, short,
simple setae. Ventral tube basally with two large setae posteriorly and many an-
teriorly ; apically with about ten setae. Total length varies from 1.5 mm. to 1.7
mm. from frons to posterior margin of anal segment.

fsotofna spatulata n. sp. is strongly dififerentiated from any de-
scribed species by the following combination of characters : the ab-
sence of eyes, the presence of a postantennal organ, and the presence
of broad lamellae on the unguis. Linnaniemi, 1912. describes a spe-
cies from sphagnum moss in Finland which had no eyes, but a large.
elliptical postantennal organ was present, and there were no teeth on
the unguis. This species, Isoioma spJiagncticoIa Linnaniemi, 1912. ac-
cording to the literature, is one of the closest to /. spatulata n. sp.. btit
it lacks the important claw character and is dissimilar in many other
respects.

Isotoma minor Schafif. is a titiy white eyeless species, but cannot
be confused with /. spatulata since minor's basic characters are so
radically different as to be almost generic. In /. minor the postan-
tennal organ is absent as well as the eyes, and elaborate sense organs
are present on antennal segment 4.

This new species was described from 8 specimens collected in a
colony of Termopsis angusticoUis Hagen by H. W. Prescott. Decem-
l)er 26. 1940 in luigene. Oregon. Cotypes are in the collections of Dr.
H. B. Mills and the author.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF HYPSIGLENA FROM
WESTERN NORTH AMERICA^')

WILMER W. TANNER

In charge of Biological Science

Provo High School, Provo, Utah

During the past few years it has been my privilege to study a large
series of snakes belonging to the genus Hypsiglcna. In starting this
study it was the writer's intent to learn more concerning the less com-
mon snakes of Utah. As the study progressed a few specimens from
out of the state were studied for comparison. These proved so inter-
esting that a study of the genus has since been undertaken. During
the course of these investigations it has become apparent that two new-
species should be recognized from the Pacific Coast area.

Sixteen specimens taken from the north and central sections of
California were easily segregated from other forms. A distinctive
nuchal blotch readily distinguishes one of the new forms and because
of this I have assigned to it the name

Hypsiglena nuchalatus Tanner sp. nov.

Description of the Type, B. Y. U. No. 3008: Total length 175 mm.; tail
length 22 mm. ; ratio of tail length to total length 12.57 per cent ; head length
9.6 mm.; width 5.5; diameter of eye 1.5 mm.; eye to nostril 1.7 mm. The dorsal
scales are smooth and in 19-19-17-16 rows. The first reduction to 17 scales oc-
curs on the right side by combining the fifth and sixth rows. The second re-
duction to 16 scale rows occurs at the 192nd ventral by combining the third and
fourth rows. On the tail the dorsals reduce to eleven rows at the second caudal
and to six rows at the tenth caudal. There are 196 ventrals, the anal scale is
divided, and there are 43 subcaudals. The terminal scale is single and slightly
elongated.

The head is 42.5 per cent longer than wide and slightly convex above. The
rostral is rounded, moderately pointed, and three times as wide at the base as
long, convex above and concave below. Internasal wider than long, prefrontal
1/4 wider than long. Frontal 1/4 longer than wide, its length being less than
the width of a parietal. The nasals are divided, and over twice as long as wide,
the openings being located near the center but closer to the dorsal suture. Loreal
moderate to large, not in contact with the lower preocular, and twice as long as
wide. There are two subequal preoculars, the dorsal scale three times the larger.
Eye moderate in size, the diameter of orbit equal to one half the distance from
eye to tip of snout ; two subequal post-oculars, the dorsal scale two times the larger
or more. Temporals 1-2-3, the one in contact with the oculars the largest; seven

(1) Contribution No. 103 from the Department of Zoology and Entomology,
Brigham Young University.

49

The Great Basin Naturalist
50 WILMER W. TANNER Vol. IV. NoS. 1 &2

supralabials in the following order of increasing size 1, 3i, 2, 7. 4, 5, 6, the 3th and
6th nearly equal. The first labial extends laterally between the nasal and the
second labial to make contact with the loreal ; the 3rd and 4th enter the orbit ;
and the 5th is in contact with the lower post-ocular. Mental moderate in size
and only slightly wider than long, the lateral edges curve concavely to form a
point which projects part way between the first pair of infralabials. There are
ten infralabials, the first pair contact on the mid-ventral line, and the first six
pair are in contact with the genials, the sixth pair is the larger ; two pair of
equal size, nine gulars between the genials and the first ventral, the anterior pair
of gulars lies between the posterior chin-shields, but does not completely divide
them. There are six gulars between the 9th infralabial and the midventral line.

Color in Alcohol: The upper surface is brownish-gray with a series of
large dark brown spots extending from the nape region posterior to the tip of the
tail. The spots extend from the 7th to the 13th row, and are tw^o scales in length
(a few nearly three) ; the scales of the spots have a light center with the edges
dark brown to black. Those scales between and lateral to the spots are flecked
with innumerable small brown spots. Tail spots distinct. Lateral to and alter-
nating with the vertebral spots, is a row of smaller spots on the 4-6 row-s (prin-
cipally on the 5th). Another row of smaller spots opposite the dorsal ones is
found principally on the third row. Under parts are white and immaculate.

The head plates are brown with a few dark blotches on the frontal and pari-
atals. There is a large dark brown spot which extends entirely across the nape
region, and appears as an irregular band or collar, the band is tewnty scales across
and at the dorsal nine scales long. The lateral edge of the bar on each side is
extended anteriorly across the temporals through the eye to the nasal where it
terminates. A few dark markings are present on the labials. Dorsal spots on
body, 58, on tail 18.

Dent.'IlTion : There are four smaller maxillary teeth followed by a pair of
large ungrooved fanglike teeth.

Diagnosis: A species of Hypsiglena which differs from torqnota ocliror-
Iiyiichus in having a more elongate snout and a narrower head; body and tail
spots distinct, and with a dark brown or black bar across the nape region. Dorsal
scale formula normally 19-19-17-15 and with only 7-7 supralabials.

T\"im: ; A small female collected by Stanley and Allen Mnlaik on
March 20, 1941, at Lemoncove, Tulare County, California. This speci-
men. No. 3008, is deposited in the Herpetological collection of the
Rrigham Young University.

Paratypes: University of California Nos. 19207, 19328, 19329,
19330, Sequoia National Park. Tulare County ; 20486. Paynes Creek.
Tehama County; 24118. Oroville. Butte County. L. M. Klauber Nos.
20233. 20293. 22501. Visalia. Tulare County; Stanford University No.
8070, Mt. Diablo. Alameda County; and California Academy of Sci-
ence No. 30876, Contra Costa County. All paratypes have been re-
turned to the above mentioned institutions.

Scalation of Nuciialatus: Scale rows are 19-19-17-15 in 9
speciinens, the remaining 7 specimens show formulas varying from

June 30, 194o two new species of hvpsiglena 51

21-19-17-15 to 21-21-19-17-15. in only two specimens is there more
than 19 rinvs at the lUUth ventral. The highest of these is llo. in
all specimens except the type there is a reduction to 15 rows anterior
to the vent. In the type the reduction is only to 16 rows, the one side
not reducing; however, the scales do become smaller to accommodate
the extra row. In all specimens the apical pit in the dorsals is dis-
tinct, but the keeled condition of the scales just above tlie vent on
each side varied from no keels in the type to distinct keels ni some
of the males. Faint keels were observed in three of the five females
and in onl}' one male were they not noticeable.

The ventrals varied as follows: males 179-191, average 184.72;
females 195-201, average 197.8; caudals, males 47-53, average 48.1,
females 42-46, average 44.4. The ventral-caudal total 226-243 in males
to 237-246 in females. The anal is divided in all specimens.

The nasal is large and divided, the suture passing through the
nasal opening. The supralabials are 7-7 in all specimens except three
which are 8-8. The reduction has produced larger labials with the
3rd and 4th labials entering the orbit, and in several specimens the
first labial is in contact with the loreal, in those specmiens in which
contact is not made the two scales are very near each other. The in-
fralabials are 10-10, loreal 1-1 except three specimens which have 1-2;
oculars 2-2, two specimens have only one preocular on one side ; tem-
porals 1-2-3.

The head is proportionately longer and narrower than other spe-
cies which 1 have studied. This fact is emphasized by the elongate
rostral which projects well beyond the mental.

In general the color pattern is much the same. The dorsal spots
range from 45-61 in males and 51-67 in females, those specimens with
more than 19 scale rows have three lateral rows of spots, those with
only 19 rows have 2 lateral rows of spots. All spots are distinct. This
is not the case in most specimens studied from adjoining areas in which
the tail spots are often indistinct. The nape region is covered by a
dark nuchal blotch which is 8 or 9 scales long at the dorsal and which
extends laterally to within 2-4 scales of the ventrals. The lateral
edge of the nuchal blotch extends anteriorly to the orbit, and dorsally
it projects forward to contact the parietals. In a few specimens the
lateral projection is divided posterior to the supralabials. There is no
light nuchal band separating the head plates from the nuchal blotch.
Those dorsal scales anterior to the nuchal blotch are the same color
as those posterior to it. Except for a few flecks on the genials and
lower labials of some specimens the under parts are white.

The Great Basin Naturalist
52 WILMEk \V. TANNER V'ol. IV, NoS. 1 & 2

Range: Thus far this species has been taken only along the
western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains from Tulare County
in the south to Tehama County in the north. It appears to extend
well up the slope of the iiiountains as well as down into the San
Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys. Extensive collecting will undoubt-
edly extend its range to the north and west.

Relationship and Intergkadition.s : Nuclialatus seems to repre-
sent an offshoot of the more wide spread species ochrorhynchus. Inter-
grades are available from three localities, LMK. 8792, Limon, Kern
County; MMZ. 78234, 60 miles west of Maricopa, Santa Barbara
County, California, and SU. 1214, Los Gatos, Santa Clara County,
California, in all specimens the color pattern is more like that of
nuclialatus than ochrorhynchus. The Limon specimen is similar also
in that the dorsal rows reduce to 19 at the 98th ventral, otherwise it
is more nearly like ochrorhynchus. The Santa Barbara specimen has
only 7 supralabials as does nuchalatus, otherwise it is like ochror-
hynchus. The scalation of the Los Gatos specimen, except for the
ventral-caudal counts, is strikingly similar to ochrorhynchus. To date
too few specimens are available from the areas of intergradation to
complete the picture. It seems logical to expect the nuchalatus-ochror-
hynchus intergrades to appear in Kern and Santa Barbara Counties.
It is possible, however, that intergradations will appear farther north
along the coast.

Remarks: In 1938 Mr. L. M. Klauber in discusisng "The Sub-
species of the Spotted Night Snake," said 'Tt is true that there is an
evident correlation between habitat and scale counts, desert areas pro-
ducing a higher ventral count than more humid regions." While this
appears to be the case with ochrorhynchus in southern California, it
is not true of nuclialatus in which the highest counts occur in speci-
mens collected higher on the slopes in the more humid regions. Speci-
mens collected on the desert side of the Sierra Nevadas (Mona and
I'.nyo Counties) have lower count than nuchalatus. Other genera are
known to produce higher or lower ventral counts as one moves east
from the Pacific Coast.' Van Denburgh and Slevin in 1919 showed
that Pituophis increased from west to east, w^hile V'. M. Tanner. 1933,
found Charina to decrease from west to east. Just why two species
of Ifypsit/lcna should show such an arrangement is not clear at this
lime.

The sexual tlimorphism is very distinct in )iuchalaius. In no in-
stance was there an}- overlapping of ventral counts. In fact, four
.scales separated the highest male (191) from the lowest female (195).

Tune 30, 1943 two new species of hvpsiglena 53

The largest specimen is a male measuring 352 mm. ; the smallest is
a teniae measuring 160 mm. ; the average length for the entire group
(male and female) is 253.81 mm. A series of 88 specimens from the
Great Basin produced an average of 322.56 mm., 52 Arizona speci-
mens average 322.11 mm., 82 specimens taken on the Pacific side of
San Diego County average 273.34 mm. While there are insufficient
specimens availal)le to arrive at any conclusions, it does appear that
iiitclialatus is a smaller species than those forms to the east and south.

Hypsiglena slevini Tanner sp. nov.

Description ok the Type: Total length 217 mm., tail length 41 mm., ratio
of tail length to total length 18.9 per cent; head length 11.7 mm., width 7.2 mm.;
diameter of orbit 2.3 mm.; orbit to nostril 1.8 mm. The dorsal scales are smooth
each bearing a single apical pit and in 21-23-21-19-17-15 rows, 23 rows extend
from the 38th to the 114th ventral. There are 190 ventrals ; the anal scale is di-
vided and there are 68 subcaudals.

The head is 38.4 per cent longer than wide, rounded anterior to the eyes and
flat posteriorly across the parietals ; the supraoculars are slightly elevated pro-
ducing a concave condition between the eyes ; the rostral is blunt, not wedging
between the internasals nor extending far beyond the mental ; from a dorsal view
it is seen as a very narrow scale extending across the snout. Internasal nearly
square widest posteriorly, prefrontals much wider than long, the lateral "suture
level with the nasal opening ; the frontal is twice as long as wide, widest at the
anterior, narrower at the center between the eyes. Parietals large and in contact
with both postoculars. Nasal plate divided, the posterior scale the larger. Loreal
single and moderate in size ; two subequal preoculars, the dorsal scale is three
times wider than long, lower small and wedged between the third and fourth
labials; eye large; postoculars 2-2, the dorsal scale the larger; temporals 1-2-4.
Supralabials 8-8, in the following order of increasing size 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 7, 6;
the fourth and fifth enter the orbit. Infralabials 10-10, the first pair in contact
on the mid-ventral line, the sixth largest ; mental moderate in size, triangle shaped ;
two pair of genials the posterior pair longer ; six gulars between the posterior
genial and the first ventral.

Color in Alcohol: The upper surface is cream color with a series of
brown spots extending from the nape to the tip of the tail. The spots extend
across the body from the 8th to the 16th dorsal row and are two scales in length ;
the scales of the spots are, except for a dark spot on the apex, uniformly brown ;
between the spots the scales are free from color markings except for an occa-
sional patch of small flecks. Lateral to the dorsal spots are three rows of smaller
brown spots, alternating with the dorsal row and each other. The rows of spots
are found on the following dorsal scale rows, first row 1-2, second row 2-4, third
row 5-7 ; the scales lateral to the dorsal spots have considerably more flecking
than those scales between the spots ; the tail spots are distinct. Body spots 52,
tail spots 26, under parts cream to straw color and without markings.

The head plates are mottled, with no definite arrangement or markings. The
nape region is distinctly spotted, with two large dorsal posterior spots nine scales

The Great Basin Xaturalist
54 WILMEK \V. TANNER V'ol.lV,NoS. 1 &2

long, and six wide at the anterior ; three smaller dorsal anterior spots which are
as wide as long, and two lateral spots which extend from four scales posterior
to the labials anterior to the eye. The sutures of the supralabials anterior to the
eyes are dark ; the lower labials have smaller dark patches.

Dentation : There are five smaller maxillary teeth followed by two un-
grooved fanglike teeth.

Di.\(;nosis: A Ilypsiglciia characterized by a high ventral and .-^ubcaudal
count, and by the parietals contacting the lower postoculars. The snout is blunt
and the eye is large. The color pattern is also distinct.

Type: California Academy of Science specimen No. 53631, a male
collected by Joseph R. Slevin, June 14, 1921 at Puerto Escondido,
Lower California.

Remarks : So distinctive are the head plates in this species that
little difficulty should be encountered in separating it from other spe-
cies. Also in this species the subcaudal count is higher than in any
other species examined.

It is a real pleasure to name this snake for Mr. Joseph K.. Slevin.

Acknowedgment: 1 wish to thank the following individuals and
institutions for the loan of material and notes used in this repcjrt : i\lr.
Thomas L. Rodgers, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of
California; Mr. Joseph R. Slevin, California Academy of Science:
Mrs. .Helen T. Gaige, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan:
Dr. George S. Myers and Mr. T. Paul Maslin, Natural History Mu-
seum, Stanford University; Mr. L. M. Klauber, Zoological Societ}' of
San Diego, and Mr. Stanley Mulaik, University of Utah.

It was my good fortune to receive the notes and scale counts made
by Messers. Hawkens and Regneri while they were working at Stan-
ford University. 1 wish to acknowledge their usefulness in this stud\-.

I am indebted to Mr. Stanley Mulaik for providing me with the
type specimen of nuchalatiis and to Dr. Vasco M. Tanner of the
Brigham Young University Zoology Department for aid and providing
me with the necessary facilities for study.

LITERATURE CITED

Fitch, H. S. Leptodeira in Northern California. Herpetologica. \'ol.

I, No. 6, 1939.
Klauber, L. M. The Subspecies of the Spotted Niglit Snake. Copiea.

No. 4. p. 192, 1938.
Van Denburgh, J. Reptiles of Western Xortli America. Occasional

Papers of the California Academy of Sciences. \'ol. 11, Snakes

and Turtles, p. 782, 1922.

June 30. 1943 55

The Hawthorn, Crataegus Colorado, a New Record for Utah

On September 9, 1941, Louise Atkinson and I discovered a hawthorn new
to Utah's known flora, growing on the nortli side of Provo Canyon at an alti-
tude of 5200 feet, at a point about one quarter mile up the main canyon from the
entrance to Timpanogos drive, j^tliss Atkinson caught a glimpse of its scarlet
berries as we drove towards it, and upon investigating we found it had thorns
four inches long.

That afternoon we submitted the specimen to Prof. A. O. Garrett, but he
like ourselves was puzzled; for the genus Cralactjus is so highly critical one must
have many comparative specimens for final determination. Accordingly the next
day we sent the branch to the National fierbarium which forwarded it to the
.\rnold Arboretum at Harvard, it was there thought to be either a new species
or one so close as to require both spring and fall specimens. Since that time we
have forwarded many specimens, and we have just received word from Mr.
Ernest J. Palmer that it has finally been designated as Crataegus Colorado Ashe.

Mr. Palmer makes these observations.

"This plant is certainly very different from Crataegus rivularis, the only
species of which we had specimens from your region. From characters shown
by both the flowering and fruiting specimens, and particularly from the nutlets
of the fruit, it seems to belong definitely in the section Macracanthac. This
section is represented in the Rocky mountain region by Crataegus occidcntalis
l^ritton and by C. Colorado Ashe, the types of which came from Colorado.

"In Rydberg's Flora of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains you will
note that both Crataegus occidcntalis and C. Colorado are given as synonyms ot
C. succuleiita. 1 scarcely feel that such a combination of things that typically
appear so distinct is justified, and we have kept both of them separate in this
iierbarium. Your plant too looks rather distinct from either in its relatively
smaller and narrower leaves and in its rather smaller flowers. But it seems to
me that it comes too near to C. Colorado to be considered a distinct species. The
differences that it shows may be accounted for possibly as the result of varied
ecological conditions. Many new species were recognized and described by Ashe,
Sargent and others about the beginning of the century tliat were characterized by
no better distinctions than can be found in this plant. But in a genus like Crataegus
it is my feeling that it is advisable to be very cautious and that new species should
be named only where the distinguishing characters are very clear and. generally,
where a number of individuals are known for comparison. However, it is an
interesting discovery and it extends the range of Crataegus Colorado to Utah
where species of the genus are very scarce, and only one C. rivularis — was defi-
nitely known before."

Since discovering the original tree Miss Atkinson and I have found more
than twenty other similar trees in the same locality, all within a hundred yards
distance. The original tree actually hangs over the very edge of the highway, and
in the past decade probably half a million people have passed within ten feet
of it. — -Claude T. Barnes, 359 Tenth Avenue, Salt Lake City, Utah.

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»*»*'

Volume IV

( lAlf 23 iy44 Numbers 3 and 4

J-l a n ,

The Great Basin Naturalist

December 29, 1943

TABLE OF CONTENtS

Page

California Gull, A Comparative Plumage Study, D. Elden Beck 57

The Mexican Bean Beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, Does

Damage in Utah in 1943, Vasco M. Tanner 61

Observations on the Ecology and Natural History of Anura XV.

The Hylids and Microhylids in Oklahoma, Arthur N. Bragg 62

Notes on the Life History of Eumecus Skiltonianus Skiltonianus,

Wilmer W. Tanner 81

Undescribed Species of Western Nearctic Tipulidae (Diptera), L

Charles P. Alexander 89

Insect Food of the Western Meadowlark, G. F. Knowlton and

D. R. Maddock 101

Index to Volume IV 103

Published at Provo, Utah, by the

Department of Zoology and Entomology of

Brigham Young University

The Great Basin Naturalist

Vasco M. Tanner, Editor
C. Lynn Hayward, Assistant Editor

A journal published four times a year by the Department of
Zoology and Entomology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.

Manuscripts. Only original unpublished manuscripts, pertaining
to the Great Basin and the Western United States in the main, will be
accepted. Manuscripts are subjected to the approval of the editor.

Illustrations. All illustrations should be made with a view to
having them appear within the limits of the printed page. The illus-
trations that form a part of an article should accompany the manu-
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The Great Basin Naturalist

Published by the

DePAUT.MKXT ok ZOOI.OCY ANll EXTO.MOl.OCV

Bkigham Youxc University. I'hovo. Utah
Volume IV IjLCS' DECEMBER 29, 1943 Nos. 3 & 4

CALIFORNIA GULL
A Comparative Plumage Study*

D. ELDEN BECK

Assistant Professor of Zoology and Entomology
Brigham Young Uninversity

In a recent article Brooks^ described and illustrated the plumage
changes of the California gull, Larus californicus Lawrence. His
study was made from the observation of gulls in the field and from
skins taken from birds under normal conditions.

Dwight^ in his monumental work on the gulls of the world briefly
describes the appearance of the first winter (non-nuptial) bird and
second summer plumages. Dwight's second summer description is
listed as, " first nuptial plumage " in his writings.

The following remarks on plumage are about the changes taking
place in the first winter, and second summer birds, as observed in cap-
tivity by the author.

One of the specimens under study was hatched in an incubator
and its exact age is known. All other birds used in this study were
captured at Rock Island in Utah Lake, Utah. A large colony of Cali-
fornia gulls breeds at this island and then migrates in late September
and early October, to the Pacific Coast. The birds, with the excep-
tion of the incubated chick, were captured a few weeks before mi-
gration took place. All birds were in complete juvenal plumage.

The birds in captivity were fed hamburger once to twice a week.
In addition, corn (cooked), vegetables of various kinds, and bread
were added to the diet. The pen w^as 8x8 feet square and 5 feet high.
A short screened runway was connected to the pen. The runway

* Contribution No. 105.

1 Brooks, Allan, 19«. The Status of the California Gull. Auk, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 15-20.

2 Dwight, Jonathan, 1925. The Gulls (Laridae) of the World. Bulletin American Museum
of Natural History, Vol. 52, pp. 198-199.

57

The Great Basin Naturalist

58 D. EiJ)EN BECK Vol. IV, Nos. 3 &4

was 10 feet long, 4 feet wide and 5 feet high. The birds were ex-
posed to all changes of weather and thus were subject to the con-
tinual effect of outdoor conditions.

Under normal conditions, where the gulls are at their winter
residence somewhere along the Pacific coast, marked changes in plum-
age are taking place. It seems that, in order to gain a complete story
of plumage change in the Califoniia Gull, under natural conditions,
after it has departed from its breeding grounds, it will be necessary
to carefully study banded birds. In anticipation of this, banding of
California Gulls has been done at Rock Island each spring since
1940.^'-^"' However, in order to observe the plumage change even un-
der abnormal conditions, lairds kept in captivity were selected for
study.

FIRST WINTER PLUMAGE

Dwight's^ reference specimen is a bird collected November 11,
1912 at Pacific Grove, California. Brooks^ does not list a winter bird
as such in his description although he has an illustration of a 10-
month-old specimen, collected April 26, 1923 at Buena Vista Lake,
California. He calls this the "first spring plumage." Dwight's de-
scription is of a bird at the beginning stage of winter plumage while
Brook's description is for the terminus of winter plumage.

In order to get the comparative colors and patterns for these two
birds I quote from Dwight'':

Acquired by a partial post juvenal moult in September and October. Back
paler and grayer than the juvenal, with less mottling, and the barring of
a paler brown, more fused and diluted. Head dark and heavily streaked,
a trifle paler than the juvenal. Undcrparts paler than the juvenal on chin,
throat and breast. Wear brings into prominence the barrings and mot-
tlings through loss of feather edgings, producing a spottiness. Wings and
tail of juvenal plumage retained. V>\\\ and other soft parts nuuii like the
juvenal.

Brooks*^ describes the characteristics of a ten-month-old liird a.s

follows :

The drab gray black is replaced by blue-gray feathers only slightly duller
than the mantle of the adult ; the head and breast turn whiter but the pri-
maries and rectrices are retained ; the secondaries and tertials are usually
very abraded, and the latter are reduced to filaments as the season pro-
gresses ; the feet are turning from flesh to bluish.

i Tanner, V. M., 1941. Gull Banding Notes on Utah Lake. Great Basin .Xaturalist, Vol.
II, No. 2, pp. 98.

4 Tanner, V. M. and Beck, D. Elden, 1942. Gull BamiinR Xotes on I'tah Lake. Great
Basin Naturalist, Vol. Ill, pp. 55-57.

5 Dwight, Jonathan. Ibid.

6 Brooks, Allan. Ibid.

7 Dwight, Jonathan. Ibid. p. 198.

8 Brooks, Allan. Ibid. p. 17.

Dec. 29. 1943 California gull 59

In the study of the birds in captivity it was evident that both
color and color pattern were undergoing change from month to month.

At the end of the eightli month (last of January) many chaiiges
have taken place in the detail of color and pattern in captive birds.
In general the whole body color tone tends to be darker. This is dis-
tinctly seen in the wing region.

The primaries have lost the light colored tip seen in the juvenal
and the whole feather vane is a deep brown to black color. The pri-
mary coverts are similar in color to the primary feathers but have a
narrow, light colored, distal band. The greater, medial and lesser
coverts are dark cinnamon to brownish with tawny to grayish borders.

The head, as viewed dorsally, is predominantly cinnamon vvith
slate colored' streaks subdued. The neck is primarily cinnamon color.

In the region of the axillaries and the back, the greatest change has
taken place. The axillaries have a barred effect much subdued by a
grey color. The pattern effect of the juvenal has changed from a
barred effect to one of mottling in the month-old bird. Some of the
feathers in the back and axillary region are a solid pearl-gray color.

The upper coverts are similar to the juvenal, but are more elon-
gated. The pattern of the individual feather in the upper tail coverts
is cinnamon while in the juvenal it is a deep brown to black.

The tail feather vanes are terminally tipped with white. Next to
this is a dark band, brown to black in color. Next is a narrow white
band. With the exception of the two outside feathers, the remaining
part of the tail feather is solid black to deep brown. The two outside
feathers are barred or mottled light and dark.

Viewed from the venter, the wings are slate-colored and almost a
solid tone. The breast is darkly mottled and streaked a dull grey.
Proceeding posteriorly and ventrally the color tends to become lighter.
The under tail coverts are distally barred. The medial under tail
coverts are as long as the medial tail feathers.

The ten-month-old gull in captivity varies from the eight-month-
old bird in the following respects: The head (dorsally) is lighter in
color but still predominantly brownish. Neck region almost a solid
brown. (Examination of an individual feather shows the proximal
part to be white and distal part solid brown). Anterior, dorsal feath-
ers on back are slate color. Main region of back and upper tail
coverts, barred and mottled a grey and deep brown. Anterior axil-
lary feathers deep brown and faintly patterned. Throat region much
lighter. In some specimens the throat region is almost white. Whole
under body color is a lighter tone than in the eight-month-old gull.

The Great Basin Naturalist
60 D. ELDEN BECK Vol. IV, NoS. 3 & 4

SECOND SUMMER

Dwight's^ "first nuptial plumage" is the nearest description he
gives to what I call the second summer plumage. His reference speci-
men is one taken at Big Stick I-ake, Saskatchewan, Canada, July 18,
1906. His description is as follows:

Acquired by a partial prenuptial moult in March and April. Wings and
tail of the juvenal plumage still retained. Back like the first winter, but
rather paler and with diminished central areas on the new brown feathers,
some grayish. Head much like the first winter but rather pale. Under-
parts rather paler than the first winter, the chin and throat largely white.
Bill and other soft parts much like the juvenal.

Brooks^o does not describe the plumage for the second summer
bird in his discussion.

The birds in captivity, fourteen months of age, are lighter through-
out the whole body color than any age previous. Although the gen-
eral pattern may be retained in the wing region, the tone of color is
decidedly lighter. Many feathers on the dorsum are solid grey. The
median and lesser wing coverts have imevenly distributed cinnamon
and pearl grey feathers. The bill at its terminus has a light colored
tip with a broad black to deep brown band. The main region of the
bill is cream to yellow. The eye is solid black.

In late summer (September) the color tone of the head and the
neck region tends to become darker than that of the earlier months.
The greater coverts are lighter and more uniform in color. The color
tone is near that of the pearl grey mantle of the adult. The anterior
feathers on the back are predominantly grey. Posterior feathers are
light brown and grey mottled. The tail feathers are basally mottled
dark and light, distal half being black. The outside tail feathers are
pure white on the inner side of each vane except the tip which is
black. The outer part of the vane is mottled its full length.

This brief comparative study can probably be summarized appro-
priately in two statements recently seen in two published accounts:

Bissonnette" speaking of photo periodicity as it afifects pelts of
animals says. "This all points to the necessity of using animals from
one locality and similar in normal behavior for experimental studies
of this sort, lest differences in normal behavior carry over into the
experimental results."

r* Dvvight, Jonathan. Ibid. p. 199.

10 Brooks, Allan. Ibid. p. 17.

11 Bissonnette. 194.^. .Some Recent .Studies on Photo Periodicity in Animals. Transactions
of the New York Academy of Science, Series II, Vol. 5, No. 3. p. 47.

Dec. 29, 1943 California gull 61

Brooks^2 says, "No family of birds is so badl}- in need of corre-
lated research in field and study as the gulls, especially in America."

It would appear that the only way to obtain an accurate, complete
plumage story is through a study of banded birds under their normal
environmental conditions.

IJ Brooks. Ibid. p. 19.

The Mexican Bean Beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant,
Does Damage in Utah in 1943

This lady-bird beetle, which feeds upon plants, especially beans, has become
well established in Utah Valley. It was first reported as occurring in Utah in
1922^ and in Utah County in 1939-. During the past summer it has done consid-
erable damage to the bean crop of this valley. This beetle passes the wmter only
in the adult stage, hibernating under leaves, weeds and along ditch banks. It does
not emerge until late spring, and very few eggs are found before the first of
July. By the middle of July the larvae are about half grown and are doing much
damage by eating the leaves of beans. The larvae are oval, yellow, spine-covered
creatures, which grow to 1/3 of an inch in length in about four weeks. Pupa-
tation then takes place on the underside of the bean leaves. Only one generation
of importance has been observed here in the Provo area.

This species may be effectually controlled by using any one of a number of
sprays or dusts. Apply fresh, high-grade insecticides to the leaves of the beans.
It is important that the dust or spray covers the underside of the leaves, if the
control is to be successful. Applications of the insecticide should be made everj"-
10 days from the time the eggs are observed until about the middle of August.

Because of the damage that this pest may do it is important that Crop Pest
Inspectors, Agricultural .\gents and truck gardeners of this area be familiar with
this insect as well as methods of its control. — V. M. T.

1 Tanner, Vasco M.. 1929, Pan-Pacific Entomolo^rist, Vol. V, pp. 183-

2 1940, Great Basin Naturalist, Vol. I. No. 2, p. 91.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE ECOLOGY AND NATURAL

HISTORY OF ANURA XV. THE HYLIDS AND

MICROHYLIDS IN OKLAHOMA^

ARTHUR N. BRAGG

When the studies which are resulting in this series of papers were
initiated, so Httle was known about the amphibian fauna of Oklahoma
that the problems involved were attacked from practically all view-
points at once. From the beginning, all phases in the lives in nature
of any and all species present were observed at every opportunity
rather than concentrating on any one phase or any one species first.

From necessity, this method has resulted in papers with several
different emphases. Some have been largely ecological in nature ;
others have dealt with one species from the viewpoint of habits and
distribution ; while still others have been centered on some one phase
of the lives of one group of species as contrasted with another in a
different ecological community within the same general geographical
range.

In general, problems in classification have been given little em-
phasis, for the taxonomic relationships of most of species in Okla-
homa have been well worked out. An exception to this was found in
the genus Scaphiopus and the paper on that group attempted a sum-
mary of classification as well as taxonomic relations expressed as a
phylogenetic tree. The present paper constitutes another such excep-
tion, for its discussion includes one genus, Pseudacris, which has al-
ways been confused.

The conceptions expressed arc based upon observations in Okla-
homa during the past seven years (1936-1942 inclusive), modified in
interpretation, of course, by a close study of all literature available.
The paper deals with the hylid frogs primarily but includes obser-
vations upon the single microhylid present in the Oklahoma fauna,
Micrnhyla olivacca (HallowelH.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I have had the active cooperation of all of the zoological stafif at
the University of Oklahoma who have aided in numerous wavs. both

1 ( ontnhutions form tlie Zoolopicnl [.fiborntory of tlie University of Oklahoma. Aided
111 the earher phases by a grant from the Faculty Research Fund of the University. Fin-
ished tlirouuh a Grant in \\<\ of Research from the American .Association for the .Xdvance-
ment of Science.

62

Dec. 29, 1943 natural history of anura xv. 63

tangible and intangible. My greatest indebtedness is to my former
colleague and collaborator, JJr. Clias. Clinton Smith, who worked with
me during the earlier years in all parts of Oklahoma ; to Dr. A. O.
Weese for critical advice and suggestions particularly in ecological
matters; and to Dr. A. I. Ortenburger for loans of literature, use of
specimens, and criticism in herpetological matters.

TAXONOMY

The following taxonomic arrangement is the one adopted.

Class Amphibia

Order Salientia (Anura)2
Suborder Procoela
Family Hylidae

Subfamily Hylinae
Genus Hyla

1. H. versicolor versicolor Le Conte (1825)

2. H. criicifer crucifer Wied (1834)

3. H. cinerea cinerea (Schneider) (1799)
Genus Pseudacris

1. I's. clarkii (Baird) (1854)

2. Fs. triseriata (Wied) (1838)

3. Ps. streckeri Wright and Wright (1933)
Genus Acris

1. Acris crepitans Baird (1854)
Suborder Diplasiocoela
Family Microhylidae

Genus Microhyla

1. M. olivacea (Hallowell) (1856)

In general, this follows the outline given by Stejneger and Bar-
bour (1939) except in Pseudacris where my observations confirm
those (e.g. Smith, 1934) wdio separated specifically Ps. clarkii (Baird)
from both Ps. triseriata (Wied) and Ps. nigrita (Le Conte). The
evidence for this view will appear later in the discussion.

KEY TO THE ADULTS OF THE ABOVE FORMS IN OKLAHOMA3

1. Toes with discs ; webbing of hind toes varying in amount but always
present ; teeth in upper jaw 2

1. Toes without discs; webbing and teeth absent. .Microhyla alivacca (Hallowell)

2 Salientia is clearly the preferred ordinal name; when the title of this series was
chosen some years ago this was not recognized; accordingly the name Anura is retained
in the title only for consistency, inasmuch as to change the title in the middle of the
series would seem to be more confusing than the relatively minor point of using a less
preferred, but easily understood, synonym.

3 Partly from the literature cited but modified by examination of several hundreds of
specimens collected personally in Oklahoma.

The Great Basin Naturalist
64 ARTHUR N. BRAGG Vol. IV, NoS. 3 & 4

Toe discs small and inconspicuous (Acris and Pseudacris) 3

Toe discs not particularly small and inconspicuous (Hyla) 0

Toes extensively webbed Acris crepitans Baird

Toes not extensively webbed (Pseudacris) 4

Body slim ; nose pointed ; hind legs long ; fingers long 5

Body short and toadlike ; hind legs short ; fingers quit short ; nose
rounded Pseudacris streckeri Wright and Wright

5. Color variable, typically gray or brown with dark stripes down the back,
with a prominent light line along the jaw, and with no triangular mark
dorsally behind the eyes (rare exceptions) Pseudacris triseriata (Wied)

5. Color also variable, typically gray with small green or darker spots on
back; either with no light line or only an inconspicuous one along the jaw ;
dorsal triangular mark back of eyes typical Pseudacris clarkii (Baird)

6. Size larger (37-63 mm.) ; color variable from nearly black to bright
green, the green phase the usual one ; no special X-like mark on back ;
skin smooth or only little roughened ; a light line along upper jaw and
extending about half way down side ; body slim and hind legs very long
Hyla cinerea cinerea (Schneider)

6. Size smaller (18-60 mm.) ; color also variable from nearly black to green
but with gray coloration the usual one ; skin tends to be granular ; no
light line along side; and X-shaped mark on back, present in most color
phases 7

7. Body size approximately 18-33 mm. ; X-shaped mark, thin-lined and reg-
ular Hyla crucifer crucifer Wied

7. Body size approximately 32-60 mm. ; X-shaped mark heavy-lined and

often irregular in outline Hyla versicolor versicolor (Le Conte)

Hyla versicolor versicolor (Le Conte) (Common Tree Toad)

The geographic range of H. v. versicolor is given by Stejneger
and Harbour (1939) as, "Maine, southern Canada, west to Minne-
sota, south to the Gulf States and to Ocklawaka swamp in Florida.
Texas and Arkansas in part only." Its range extends westward to
eastern Kansas (Smith, 1934) and it is present in the central cross
timbers of Texas where I have heard its call from oaks at night some
forty miles north of Dallas while travelling U. S. Highway 77.

It has been known from eastern Oklahoma for some years but
its extension westward within the state has been somewhat uncertain.
I have specimens from each of the following counties which appear to
be new records: Osage, Mayes, Garvin, Murray, Pontotoc. Love, Coal.

Dec. 29, 1943 natural histoky of anura xv. 65

Aluka, Choctaw, Latimer, and Scquo)ah. in addition, i have heard its
characteristic call in Pittsburg, Huges, Seminole, and Carter counties,
in all of which it apparently has not yet been collected. Adding the
nine other counties in which it has been reported already to these new
records gives a total of twenty-six counties, all in the eastern half of
the state, in which the species is known to occur. Of this total, five
records are based upon calls heard, twenty-one on specimens collected.
Fifteen of the total are apparently new records.

In general terms, H. v. versicolor is dependent upon the presence
of trees for a suitable habitat and usually the trees must be present
in abundance. However, in Oklahoma it is common in dry woodlands
and savannahs and not limited to ravines and water courses as might
be expected from observations- farther north and east (see Smith,
1934, and the literature cited there j. Whereas the largest breeding
congress of this species which 1 have ever seen was present along a
wooded creek in southeastern Oklahoma, nevertheless, medium sized
congresses have been frequently studied several miles from perma-
nent water courses in dry woods about temporary pools. Flood plain
forests of the larger rivers form a highway for its dispersal to the
westward in southern Oklahoma (e.g. to western Garvin county along
the Washita and at least to western Love county along the Red) . But
from McClain county northward these animals apparently fail to fol-
low the rivers westward to any extent. In western Cleveland county,
for example, they have never been found along the Canadian River
where its flood plain forest extends westward into the mixed grass
prairie, although they are very abundant only seven miles eastward
across the prairie where the oak-hickory woodland-savannah begins
(see Bragg, 1940, for a map of this region). On the other hand, stray
individuals do follow wooded ravines into the prairie ; one calling male
was taken at a prairie pool, one mile from the western edge of the
woodland and two others have been collected in Norman, four miles
from the woodland-savannah.

The breeding habits of the common tree toad in Oklahoma are
essentially as elsewhere. They begin breeding early in the spring
(Bragg and Smith, 1942) and continue intermittently till midsummer,
the exact dates usually depending upon rainfall. They, therefore, have
a breeding season somewhat independnt of rain for its beginning but
are stimulated then as well as later by any rain which comes. They sel-
dom call or breed at temperatures of 10°C. or below even after heavy
rains in springtime.

The Great Basin Naturalist
66 ARTHUR N. BRAGG Vol. 1 V, NoS. 3 & 4

The call has been described as variable. 1 tiiid this lu be true but
have noted also that it tends to follow either one of two distinct pat-
terns. One of these is a short, hoarse trill, varying in pitch among
individuals and tending to be lower with increasing size. This is al-
ways given with the gular pouch extended and with little muscular
movements of the abdomen and lateral regions. The other is a short-
er, "fussy," "yip, yip, yip," etc., given without use of the gular pouch
and with violent contraction of the body muscles with each note. The
nrst type of call is the more common and may be heard from trees
far from water as well as in breeding aggregations. The second is
more often heard as a "protesting note" when the animal is confused
or disturbed without being unduly frightened. However, one indi-
vidual under observation which sat at the edge of a breeding pool
"yipping" persistently, suddenly, and with no apparent reason, changed
to the more typical short trill.

Wright (1929) stated that fully developed tadpoles of this form
had a vermillian coloration to the tail fin. I have observed this on
thousands of individuals taken or seen in Oklahoma. However, ap-
parently no one has emphasized that the reddish color does not occur
till late in aquatic life. Young tadpoles of H. v. versicolor when seen
in their native pool look and behave so much like those of Ps. streckeri
(Bragg 1942c) that one often cannot distinguish between them with-
out close examination. They can always be distinguished in the field,
however, if close attention be given to the coloration of the tail. That
of Ps. streckeri always remains clear and essentially unpigmented.
That of H. V. versicolor early develops black streaks, especially dor-
sally, which increase in numbers and may take the form of a dark
fringe along the dorsal surface of the posterior part of the tail fin. The
reddish color mentioned by Wright develops gradually during the last
two weeks or so before metamorphosis at which time tlie tail appears
higher and more ruffied than that of Ps. streckeri.

The young, after metamorphosis in Kansas stay, about pools and
streams (Smith, 1934). In contrast, in Oklahoma 1 have never found
them in such situations. In one case, for example, hundreds of thou-
sands of tadpoles were being watched in a large pool among a heavy
growth of oaks. On one visit in late June, 1942, it was apparent that
most of them were approaching metamorphosis. A week later, no
tadpoles could be found in the pool and a diligent search for an hour
along the shore turning over objects and searching among the trees,
failed to reveal a single specimen. From this experience, I thought
it probable that the young animals had scattered widely in the trees

Dec. 29, 1943 natural history of ani'ra xv. 67

even though the weather was hot (90°F. and above each day) and
the woodland extremely dry. One wonders how such young and deli-
cate amphibians avoid death under such conditions as these.

Hyla crucifer crucifer Wied (Spring Peeper)

The range of the spring-peeper given by Stejneger and Barbour
(1939) includes nearly all of the South and East. Smith (1934) says
that they are limited to the easternmost region of Kansas. They are
present in Arkansas and Louisiana (I have seen specimens from the
latter state) but Wright and Wright (1938) fail to mention this form
in Texas.

In Oklahoma, they are known certainly from only one county, Mc-
Curtain, in the extreme southeast (Trowbridge, 1937) although I have
had one report of their calls being heard in LaFlore county just north
of this in the Ouachita mountains. In southern McCurtain county
they seem to be fairly common, for nearly everyone from the Uni-
versity of Oklahoma who has looked for them on recent trips to this
region has brought them in. Their abundance in southeastern Okla-
home in the Red River Valley makes it almost certain that they also
occur across the river in Texas.

Their breeding season is apparently early in the spring here as
elsewhere, because on trips in May and June to this region during and
after rains when many other forms were calling, both Dr. Charles C.
Smith and I have consistently failed to see them in breeding con-
gresses.

Hyla cinerea cinerea (Schneider) (Green Tree Toad)

This is a form of southeastern distribution which ranges westward
to north central Texas (Wright and Wright, 1938). It enters Okla-
home only in the extreme southeastern corner, the only record being
that of Trowbridge (1937). I, personally, have never collected it
within the state.

Acris crepitans Baird (Xorthern Cricket Frog)"*

Acris crepitans has recently been separated from A. gryllus by
Dunn (1938) on the basis of the extensiveness of webbing of the hind
feet and upon other characters. Dunn also restricts the latter to the

4 Acris gryllus (LeConte) is known as the cricket frog because of its type of call.
"Northern Cricket Frog," therefore, would seem to be an appropriate vernacular name
for its northern relative whose call is also cricket-like.

The Great Basin Naturalist
68 ARTHUR N. BRAGG Vol. IV, NoS. 3 & 4

southern coastal plain. All of the hundreds of specimens from Okla-
homa which I have examined seem clearly to be crepitans in Dunn's
key and also compare with specimens which I have collected in Wis-
consin. Therefore, I conclude that all of the numerous records of
cricket frogs in Oklahoma are crepitans and that .1. gryllus does not
occur in the state.

Interpreted in this manner, A. crepitans is statewide in distribution
with the possible exception of the two western counties in the pan-
handle. In Kansas, Smith (1934) also found a cricket frog, called
by him Acris gryllus (Le Conte), to be statewide. This undoubtedly
is the same as A. crepitans of Oklahoma. The account of habits,
habitat, and coloration as given by Smith are practically duplicated
by my own observations in Oklahoma. Wright and Wright (1933)
could not separate these two species with certainty but the same au-
thors later (1938) mention only Acris gryllus crepitans Baird from
Texas and declare it to be present from, "Sabine River to trans-Pecos;
panhandle to southern Texas." More recently (1942) they have ac-
cepted Dunn's interpretation. Some of the southern or southeastern
specimens in Texas may be A. gryllus but it is practically certain that
the western and northern form in this state is the same as that of
Oklahoma and Kansas, that is, A. crepitans Baird as separated by
Dunn. I have collected typical A. crepitans in Somervell and Mon-
tague counties, Texas.

So many localities in Oklahoma are represented by specimens that
it is simpler to list the counties where it has not specifically been
taken or heard. These are Craig, Grant, Mcintosh, Okfuskee, John-
ston, Kingfisher, Dewey, Ellis, Texas, and Cimarron counties. It has
been previously reported in forty-three Oklahoma counties, leaving
twenty- four as new county records reported here. Of these, five (Cot-
ton, Jefiferson, Marshall, Blaine, and Noble) are based upon calls
alone, the others on specimens collected personally or given me by
others.

In a previous paper (Bragg, 1940) I reported that this frog had
not been heard calling about bufifalo wallows and apparently did not
use these for breeding. T have since heard them twice in such places
but neither time were tadpoles produced. I still doubt if they ever,
breed in buffalo wallows, athough they feed about these pasture pools
in some numbers, particularly in late spring.

Another detail of their habits is of interest. This is their marked
tendency to wander at night between one creek or pool and another.

Dec. 29, 1943 natural history of anura xv. 69

I have often found them in roadways during such movements. These
movements occur at all seasons (except winter) to some extent hut
are most marked during two conditions : ( 1 ) in spring and early
summer after rains and (2) in midsummer drought when pools and
creeks are disappearing hecause of evaporation.

These little animals are cjuite frog-like in habits and habitat. They
can be found active almost anywhere in Oklahoma where there is
standing water, even in winter (except in severe weather). Every
river, lake, creek, or cattle tank has its quota about its margin and
their calls may be heard night and day from such areas. Most breed-
ing is in midspring but may occur as late as September (Bragg and
Smith, 1942). They are very agile but not particularly shy and are
easily caught by hand if one takes advantage of their apparent dislike
of deep water. If greatly frightened they may hide on the bottom
after the manner of the commoner ranas. Usually, however, they
jump to the water, swim rapidly back to the bank at another point,
and depend upon their agility here to escape danger. Many of them
fall prey to the larger frogs of their habitat and to shore-feeding birds
such as herons. Presumably many are eaten by water-snakes also,
but I have seen no specific instances of this. They feed on all sorts
of insects present in their habitat and are surprisingly accurate in
catching them by long quick jumps. I have seen one catch a damsel
fly with one jump of about four feet.

Pseudacris streckeri Wright and Wright
(Texas Ornate Chorus Frog)

Since the life history and distribution in Oklahoma of this species
has recently been given in detail (Bragg, 1942c) little need be added
here. It is now known to be present in twenty-one Oklahoma coun-
ties from near the Kansas border to Texas. It is the earliest form
to breed in Oklahoma (Bragg and Smith, 1942) and the earliest (ex-
cept H. c. criicifcr) to cease breeding activities. It feeds in pastures
and along road sides at night during the warmer portions of the year,
most often seen in these situations after rain. It has been taken from
roadways after rains ofT and on from March to October. Since writ-
ing on its life history. I have made further observations which are of
special interest.

In the earlier paper (Bragg, 1942c) it was pointed out that eggs
are difficult to find during some years but quite abundant during others,
although males may call lustily. In the spring of 1942. males were

The Great Basin Naturalist
70 ARTHUR N. BRAGG Vol. IV, NoS. 3 & 4

calling from Februan- to early May but no females were seen till after
a very heavy rain (5.1 in.) at a near freezing temperature in early
March. Notes taken that night in the field read, "Ps. streckeri fe-
males may be stimulated to seek males more vigorously by rain. The
males have been calling for a long time and some eggs have been laid ;
however, tonight, a very large number of eggs are being produced and
more females than I have ever before found at one time are in or
near the pools." I saw several other such instances during April and
could find no evidence against the conception expressed above.

These observations apparently explain why both Prof. G. A. Moore
and I have had the impression that more breeding occurs during years
of much winter rain.

Pseudacris clarkii (Baird) and Pseudacris triseriata fW^ied)
(Spotted Chorus Frog and Striped Chorus Frog)

The taxonomic relations of these two forms have been in confusion
for a long time. Most eastern herpetologists relegate both fornis to
Ps. nigrita as subspecies. Some (e.g. Burt, 1932) consider trise?'iata
to be specifically distinct from nigrita with clarkii as a subspecies of
it. Wright and Wright (1933, 1938, 1942) recognize both forms as
subspecies of nigrita and Stejneger and Barbour (1939) retain this
arrangement without comment, thereby tacitly discounting the evi-
dence of Smith (1934) that the forms are specifically distinct. In a
recent communication to the author, a well-known American taxon-
omic hereptologist stated, "I can understand clarkii only as a sub-
species of nigrita or triseriata and I suspect that in Oklahoma you
have a single but variable form." On the other hand, another promi-
nent worker, with much experience with this group, declared in a
letter, "I know triseriata to be quite variable but I am certain that it
is specifically distinct from either clarkii or nigrita." Under such cir-
cumstances, one can only present his evidence, draw his conclusions.
and then hope that he has contributed something toward a solution of
the dif^culty rather than adding to it. Therefore. I shall write the
remainder of this account of these two forms from my observations
alone, taking no notice of the opinions of others: although, of course.
I shall use their observations as published.

I begin by stating my general conclusions and follow this with the
evidence for it. The two forms are specifically distinct and their
adults can always be separated on the morphological characters given

Dec. 29, 1943 natural history of anura xv. 71

by Smith (1934). My evidence (in addition to that given l)y Smith)
that this is so can be summarized as follows:

(1) They occupy different habitats in Oklahoma. Ps. triseriata
is primarily a form of the woodlands and lower, moister areas ; Ps.
clarkii is restricted to the prairies and to prairie islands in savannah.
The former is very abundant all over the western half of Oklahoma
and does not occur in the southeast at all. On a night after heavy
rain in June, 1940, I traveled from central McCurtain county in the
southeast to central Cleveland county in the central part of the State.
Thousands of Ps. triseriata were calling (and several collected) every-
where till central Pontotoc county was reached. Then , suddenly, they
became rare and within five miles had disappeared altogether. Simul-
taneously, calls of Ps. clarkii began to be heard, at first in the same
pools with triseriata, but soon alone. From here on clarkii were call-
ing from almost every ditch and puddle till daylight showed and finally
stopped the chorus in McClain county. Similarly, in southwestern
Oklahoma on several good breeding nights, I have never failed to hear
and collect clarkii alone. In eastern Oklahoma, the same is true of
triseriata.

(2) Their calls are different. I have heard both hundreds of
times, sometimes together, but more often separately, and I have taken
pains to see if I could tell the difference. Whenever I have had op-
portunity, I have identified the call before stalking the animal and,
since my early experiences, have never failed to be correct. In one
case, only one of each was calling in a pool. They were both together
and I decided which was which before catching both simultaneously,
one in each hand. Again, I was right.

(3) Their eggs and tgg laying diff'er. With Ps. triseriata (Wells,
1924)^ eggs are laid on slanting vegetation (twigs in this instance) and
in considerable numbers to a mass. Smith (1934) indicates masses
of from 110-300 eggs, the mode about 140, but he quotes others who
found less than this (see also Wright and Wright, 1933, 1942). With
clarkii, the eggs which I have seen (hundreds of masses) have all
been on upright vegetation and in small masses often as few as six,
seldom more than twenty, usually on sedges or grasses, almost never
on twigs.

The individual eggs of triseriata are brown, or black, and white
(Wright and Wright, 1933) ; those of clarkii ahvays browuiish-gray,
shading to white at the vegetal pole. The egg-complement of triseriata

5 Presumably this species if taken at Chicago, as implied.

The Great Basin Naturalist
72 ARTHl'R N. BRAGG \'ol. IV, NoS. v'^ & 4

is 500-800 (Wright and Wright. 1933). That of Ps. clarkii in unc
case was 916 by my individual count and dissection of several females
showed the ovaries with large numbers of eggs indicating that the
usual number is large. Measurements of individual eggs of clarkii
indicate a mean diameter of 1.04 mm. with a mode of 0.959 but with
variation so great as to be noticeable with the naked eye. This ^gg
size is comparable to that of Ps. triseriafa but the variation in clarkii
appears to be greater.

(6) Their tadpoles differ in many details. That of triseriata ap-
parently is somewhat variable in different areas (unless other tadpoles
have been confused or unless the species has unrecognized subspecies
of which there is some evidence; see beyond). Wright and Wright
(1933) indicate a small (23 mm.), dark, bronzy tadpole, full-bodied,
with a long-tipped tail, and with tooth ridges 2/2. Youngstrom and
Smith (1936) give evidence of a 30-32 mm. grayish tadpole, tail tip
obtusely rounded but somewhat attenuated at the end, and a labial
formula of 2/3.

The tadpole of Ps. clarkii has not been studied in detail (see, how-
ever, summary by Wright and Wright, 1942). I have studied it dur-
ing two seasons now, both from pairs taken from congresses and
reared in the laboratory, and in the field. All stages have been studied
from egg-laying to metamorphosis. Details will be given later in a
separate paper. This tadpole differs from triseriata as follows : ( 1 )
lighter in color; (2) larger at hatching (3.9-4.7 mm. as compared to
2.5-3.0) ; (3) motile at hatching instead of premotile (Youngstrom
and Smith) ; (4) details of color pattern; (5) details of mouth parts;
and (6) behavior and appearance at and after metamorphosis (I have
seen both species of these and collected and watched them about native
pools) ; young of clarkii remain about pools for some weeks, those of
triseriata leave within a few days; young clarkii are agile and difficult
to catch by hand, triseriata much less so ; young of clarkii begin to be
spotted, including the large conspicuous triangular spot back of the
eyes emphasized by Smith (1934), before the tail is completely gone;
triseriata become striped at about the same stage (Youngstrom and
Smith, 1936, fig. 7), but this varies among individuals, some not show-
ing the characteristic dorsal markings till a few days later ; clarkii is
very long and slim bodied when just out of the pool ; triseriata is more
heavily built, more round-nosed, and appears heavier and more bulky.
(This correlates nicely with the difference in agility noted above.)

(7) I find little evidence recorded tending to show intergradation

Dec. 29, 1943 natural history of anura xv. 73

of taxonomic characters indicative of subspecitic identity of triseriata
with nigrita.^ Their ranges meet in the middle south and intergrada-
tion may later be shown to occur there. In the case of clarkii, inter-
gradation with iiiyrita is clearly an impossibility; for, the former's
range does not come anywhere near that of the latter. If the ci-ite-
rion of subspecies be primarily the presence of intergradation of char-
acters along the zone where the ranges of two forms meet (the usual
concept) it is obvious that clarkii can not be a subspecies of nigrita.
The relation between clarkii and triseriata is not so clear-cut, however.
As already indicated, the former is the prairie form in Oklahoma ;
the latter, primarily the woodland and savannah form. Triseriata,
however, is not limited to its characteristic habitat, for I have seen
it rarely in the tall grass prairie of northeastern Oklahoma, in the
shortgrass plains of the Texas panhandle, and in the valley of the
Gallinas Creek at Las Vegas, New Mexico (also in short-grass coun-
try), and very rarely in mixed-grass prairie at Norman, Oklahoma
(Bragg, 1942b). Burt (1936) says that intergradation occurs in
southern Kansas and perhaps in eastern Texas, which is contrary to
the opinion of Smith (1934). If intergradation were to occur both
in southern Kansas and eastern Texas, one would certainly expect it
in east central Oklahoma in a marked zone, running approximately
north and south through the state. I find no such zone, even though
I have collected all over the area where it should occur. As explained
earlier, animals taken form breeding congresses (whether when only
one or both are present in the same pool) are always clearly the one
or the other, both in morphological characters and in call. Ps. clarkii
sometimes tends to be striped rather than spotted ; triseriata spotted
rather than striped. This is not evidence for intergradation along a
zone where ranges meet because I have taken many spotted triseriata
east of the range of clarkii in Oklahoma (e.g. in eastern McCurtain
county, near the Arkansas line) as well as far west of the range of
clarkii (one at Las Vegas, N. M.). Similarly, striped clarkii are no
more abundant in east central Oklahoma than farther west in the
state. About Norman, just west of the area where the triseriata abun-
dance stops, both spotted and striped clarkii are present, the spotted
ones the more numerous. There is no difference in the calls of these
two variants.

The situation seems to be, therefore, one in which a verv wide

6 It should be noted, however, that this is the weakest point in my argument for
I have never studied Ps. nigrita aUve nor seen it breed. I also suspect that I may have
missed some of the literature.

The Great Basin Naturalist
74 ARTHUR N. liRAGG Vol. 1 V, NoS. 3 & 4

ranging, variable species (triseriata) has its range crossed by that of
a related, but distinctly less variable species (clarkii)^ the tirst species
being present only locally, and seldom in abundance within the range
of the second, which, therefore, largely but not completely, replaces
the first. This situation is clearly correlated with the ecological divi-
sions of the area in question, clarkii being the abundant form in the
mixed-grass and eastern portions of the short-grass prairies, whereas
triseriata is the form of the woodland-savannah to the east and north
and the short-grass plains (in local situations) to the west. The spe-
cies meet and overlap slightly in the tall-grass prairie of Kansas,
Oklahoma, and possibly Texas; and also (with less overlap) in the
open savannahs of southeast central Oklahoma.

Ps. triseriata (as here interpreted) has formerly been reported from
five Oklahoma counties (McCurtain, LeFlore, Lincoln, Tulsa, and
Cleveland). I now have specimens from Choctaw, Latimer, Atoka,
Seminole, Washington, and Mayes, and have recognized the call in
Pushmataha, Coal, Pontotoc, Oklahoma, Rogers, and Seminole coun-
ties in addition. It is, therefore, now known from sixteen counties,
all in the eastern half of Oklahoma.

Ps. clarkii has been previously reported in from thirteen counties.
Additional records based on specimens seen are Washington, Garfield,
Noble, Logan, Blaine, Greer, Jefferson, Love, Marshall, Johnston,
Murray, Garvin, and Seminole counties, with call records in King-
fisher county in addition. This makes a total of twenty-six counties
in which Ps. clarkii is now known to occur, all in the western two-
thirds except in the Osage prairies (tall grass) of the northeast.

Variations in Ps. triseriata, while not particularly toward clarkii,
are nevertheless marked. In southeastern, eastern, and central Okla-
homa the coloration is darker than in the northern part of the state
where they more closely resemble the specimens which 1 have seen
from Kansas.'' Then, there is a peculiar variation in call. Dr.
Charles C. Smith collected specimens of Ps. triseriata at Monroe,
Louisiana which he turned over to me for study. In his notes he
says the call appeared higher in pitch than that of triseriata which we
had heard together in Seminole county, Oklahoma. Later, he demon-
strated this to me in southeastern Oklahoma.

In McCurtain, Choctaw, and Atoka counties, most of the calls
were of a high pitch; some lower. As we came northwestward, calls
of both types came from the same pools and ditches more frequently

Through the courtt-sy of Dr. Edw. H. Taylor of the University of Kansas.

Dec. 29. 1943 natural history of antra xv. 75

till the hi^e^her call began to drop out in southeastern Pontotoc count}'
(only a few miles east, incidentally, of where the westernmost clarkii
were heard). All specimens west of this area had the hoarser calls,
like those heard earlier by us together in Seminole and Oklahoma
counties and by me in Cleveland county. Specimens calling in each
manner from the same pool were stalked and captured but I could
find no consistent morphological differences between them. Dr. Smith
was certain that the higher pitched call was identical with those heard
by him in Louisiana. We were agreed that the lower pitched one was
identical wnth that heard by us together in several other places in Okla-
homa and which I identified as the same as that heard by me at Las
Vegas, N. M. It is interesting to note that tadpoles produced from
eggs laid by the specimens in Louisiana and given me by Dr. Smith
conformed very closely to the characters given for this larva by Wright
and Wright (1933") except that the labial formula was 2/3 instead of
2/2. This w^as a much darker tadpole than that of the Kansas form
studied by Youngstrom and Smith (1936) ; in fact, it was almost
black; and. after metamorphosis, the young were very much darker
than those which I have seen emerging from pools in central Okla-
homa. These facts suggest that at least two (maybe more) races,
ecads. varieties, or subspecies of Ps. friseriata may occur which are
at present unrecognized. Only further study of life histories from
known parents in the critical areas will clear up the matter.

Microhyla olivacea (HalloAvell) (Texas Narrow Mouth Toad)

Microhyla olivacea^ occurs from northern Mexico north through
Kansas, east to western Arkansas and Missouri (Smith. 1934; Ander-
son, 1942). No one seems to know how far westward its range ex-
tends. In Oklahoma it is statewide and abundant except, possibly, in
western part of the panhandle. I have collected in many parts of the
state and have found no other species of the genus here. Therefore,
I conclude that the several Oklahoma records of M. carolinensis were
all based upon this species. Including these. M. olivacea has previous-
ly been reported from twenty-one Oklahoma counties. My new rec-
ords are based on specimens from Kay. Tulsa. Latimer. Choctaw.
Atoka. Pittsburg. Hughes, Coal. Pontotoc, Murray. Carter, Love, and
McClain counties. Dr. Chas. C. Smith has seen it also in Harper
county which is the only record in the northwestern part of the state.

8 Still called Gastrophrvne olivacea hv tlincp whn emnhasize the rli = *inctiveiies=; of
the American genera from those of the OM Worlfi. S^e .Steineper and Barbour (\9'i9').
W^right and Wright C19,^?) use Gastrophyne, later 0938') they use Microhyla hut now C1042i
return to Gastrophyne.

The Great Basin Naturalist
76 ARTHUR N. BRAGG Vol. IV, NoS. 3 & 4

Thus, M. olivacea is known to occur in approximately half (35 out of
77) of the Oklahoma counties with little if any ecological restriction
in habitat. It is, however, rarely if ever found on extensive Rood
plains of rivers.

Its habits in Oklahoma are essentially as described by Smith (1934)
in Kansas and need not be reviewed specifically here. (See also ear-
lier notes in papers by the author and his associates.) I should like
to emphasize a few observations on its breeding, however, which either
have not been sufficiently stressed or not published earlier.

( 1 ) It exhibits the xeric breeding pattern characteristic of prairie-
limited species in Oklahoma (see Bragg, 1942e for details of this
pattern.) It breeds only after rain when the air temperature is rela-
tively high ; and it will breed after any rain sufficient to fill temporary
pools from late April to September. Therefore, it has no breeding
season (except in so far as the whole late-spring-to-early-fall period
may be considered one).

(2) Males often call close together in grass clumps. I have seen
them many times in twos, threes, and fours, in single clumps of pro-
truding vegetation when there was no apparent environmental reason
for it. So close do they approach each other that I have several times
caught two with one plunge of the hand, despite the fact that this is
one of the most dif^cult frogs known to me to catch (or to hold after
one has caught it). This suggests strongly that the males are attracted
by each other's calls, a factor characteristic of the xeric breeding
pattern.

(3) The males commonly call from shallow water either near the
edge or all over the pool; but mated pairs and (later) eggs are almost
always seen near the bank. Females approach males whenever they are
calling in the pool and mating probably takes place at the male's calling
station. It follows that the newly mated pairs, if not already near
the bank, swim to this for tgg laying. I have seen females approach
calling males on several occasions but never have succeeded in ac-
tually seeing a natural mating.

(4) The call of this species varies more than commonly supposed.
Most individuals give a slight and very short "peep" followed by a
high pitched buzz (Wright and Wright, 1933). Some open without
the peep and have a deeper buzz. In general, it is the larger males
which have the deeper voices but some with deeper voices open with
the peep and some with shriller voices do not. So far as I can tell,
these are individual variations, for I have never heard an individual
change its note.

Dec. 29, 1943 natural history of anura xv. 77

SUMMARY

The family Hylidae is represented in Oklahoma by three genera,
Hyla, Acris, and Pseudacris. The first includes Hyla v. versicolor,
H. c. crucifcr, and H. cincrea cincrea; the second, A. crepitans; the
third, Ps. streckeri, Ps. triseriata and Ps. clarkii. The family Micro-
hylidae is represented by only one species, Microhyla olivacea.

Most of these are distributed in accordance with major ecological
divisions of the state. H. v. versicolor occupies the eastern half (in
woodland and savannah) but follow^s the flood plains forests of the
larger rivers westward in the southern part of Oklahoma. H . c. cruci-
fcr and H. c. cincrea are known only in the low, swampy areas of the
Red River Valley in southeastern Oklahoma. Ps. sirickeri is known in
a broad zone running north and south through Oklahoma from near
Kansas to Texas. It is abundant in the mixed grass prairie and oak-
hickory woodland-savannah of this zone but has not been found in
either tall or short grass prairies to the southeast and west respectively.
It is very abundant on flood plains of the larger rivers within the zone
designated. Ps. clarkii is the species of the prairies, Ps. triseriata the
species of the woodland-savannah of Oklahoma. The former, there-
fore, is restricted to the western half of the state except in the north-
east where its greatest eastern extension occurs in the western edge
of the tall-grass prairie. Ps. triseriata is abundant in the eastern third
of Oklahoma, especially in the southeast, but it inhabits small suitable
areas west to the Rockies. It has, however, not been specifically taken
in western Oklahoma. Reasons are given for recognizing these two
forms as specifically distinct. Microhyla alivacea is probably state-
wide in distribution, although unknown in the Oklahoma panhandle.
While ecologically unrestricted, it exhibits a xeric type of breeding
pattern characteristic of the prairie-limited species.

Specific county records of all of these species and notes on the
habits of several of them are given in the text.

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The Great Basin Naturalist
78 ARTHUR N. BRAGG Vol. IV, NoS. 3 & 4

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The Great Basin Xaturalist
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Wright, A. H., 1929. Synopsis and description of North American

tadpoles. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 74(Art. 11) :l-70.
Wright, A. H. and A. A. Wright, 1938. The amphibians of Texas.

Trans. Tex. Acad. Sci. 21 :5-36.
Youngstrom, Karl A. and Hobart M. Smith, 1936. Description of the

larvae of Pseudacris triscriata and Bufo zvoodhoiisii zi'oodhousii

(Anura). Amer. Midi. Nat. 17:629-633.

NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY
OF EUMECES SKILTONIANUS SKILTONIANUS^

WILMER W. TANNER

In charge of Biological Sciences

Provo High School

One of the most interesting lizards in Utah is our representative
of the sincoids, Eumeces skiltonianus skiltonianus (B. & G.). This
attractive lizard, with its bright blue tail and the four light body
stripes across its dark body, attracts the attention of laymen as well
as students. The color pattern is very striking in the young and the
adult males. The females are less cplorful. I have examined fe-
males with hut little blue in their tails, and only faint body markings.
This drab color seems to persist during the entire year and is not in
any way related to the mating or Qgg laying period. In my experi-
ence during the past summer, the sexes can be readily distinguished
by the intensity of the blue color. The brilliant blue tail of the males
was always the most noticeable body part. I am in agreement with a
study- made recently, suggesting that the tail factor has survival value
for this genus.

The following notes on the life history of Skilton's Skink are based
on specimens collected and nests observed during the summer of 1939,
while the writer was collecting in northwestern Utah county. These
specimens are now in the Brigham Young University Herpetological
collection.

Other specimens were collected during the early summer of 1941
and 1942. Those taken in the latter year were placed in three cages.
Two cages contained two females and one male each ; the third cage
contained one pair. Each cage was provided with a thick layer of
loose soil mixed with rocks. Two cages were placed under trees in
order to provide conditions as near that of the collecting area as pos-
sible. The third was kept in the laboratory. In spite of careful feed-
ing and observation no mating activities were observed in either, nor
were there any eggs laid.

Other specimens in the collection, collected from various parts oi
the state, Washington. San Juan. Beaver, Millard, San Pete, Summitt,

1 Contribution No. 107, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Brigham Young Uni-
versity.

2 Jopson, Harry G. M. 1938. Observation on the survival value of the character of the
blue tail in Eumeces. Copeia, June 30, 1938, No. 2, pp. 90.

81

The Great Basin Naturalist
82 VVILMER W. TANNER Vol. IV, NoS. 3 & 4

and Utah Counties, indicated that this species is quite widely distrib-
uted over the entire state of Utah.

DESCRIPTION OF THE NESTS

Five nests of these hzards were found and placed under observa-
tion and study for two weeks, August 2 to August 15 in 1939. The
nests were all located on the south side of a small rocky point. The
rocks were not excessive in size and were partly shaded by sage, Arte-
misia tridentata, oak, Quercus gambellii and with a few Utah junipers,
Juniperus utahensis scattered through the sage. Only two (2) nests
were associated with rocks which were shaded. The others were in
the open.

My discovery of these underground dwellings came as a great sur-
prise, while turning rocks in search for snakes. My interest was in-
tensified when I found that only a little had been written about the
nesting habits of this species. The only reference in the literature
referring to the reproduction of this lizard, I have been able to find,
is one by Dr. John Van Denburgh.-' Dr. Van Denburgh states : "Mr.
Edmund Heller secured the eggs of this lizard at Pacific Grove, Cali-
fornia. The five eggs were spherical and of a blackish brown color,
with soft flexible shells. They were about the size of a Chipping
Sparrow's egg (Spizellasocialis occidentalis). He found them in an
open field, among a rock pile, under a flat rock. They were covered
with about half an inch of loose earth. The female was found under
the rock with them. The date was about June 15, 1898. The eggs
were far advanced in incubation, the embryos presenting nearly all
the adult characteristic markings, coloration, etc."

Dr. Edward H. Taylor in his extensive report on the genus
Eumeces"* makes but little reference to the habits of Skilton's Skink;
his report deals entirely with the taxonomy and distribution of the
species. In this respect it is most complete ; in this report I am deal-
ing only with life history notes.

The following notes are presented in the belief that they may be
of interest, and a contribution to the present information of our
western reptile fauna.

3 Van Denburgh, John, 1922. Reptiles of the W'estern United States. Occasional Papers
of the California Academy of Sciences. Vol. 1, Lizards, pp. 84.

4 Taylor, Edward H., 1935. A Taxanomic Study of the Cosmopolitan Scincoid Lizards of
the Genus Eumeces. Bull. Univ. of Kan., Vol. 36, No. 14, pp 410-428.

Dec. 29, 1943 life history of eumeces skiltonianus 83

Nest Number One

The first nest was found 9^^ inches below the surface of the
ground and 3^ inches in the soil from the uphill side of the rock.
The small hole leading to the nest was one inch in diameter, while
the nest had been rounded out and was 2^ inches wide. The floor
of the nest was covered with loose moist soil. No leaves on debris
was present. This nest contained four newly incubated lizards and
the adult female. The entire family was collected and preserved.
The measurements were taken soon after the lizards were killed.
(August 3)

Nest Number Two

The second nest was found soon after the hrst. It was eight
inches below the surface of the ground and three inches in the soil
from the uphill side of the rock. The hole leading into the nest was
^ of an inch wide and 1^ inches high. The nest itself was nearly
three inches wide. The nest contained four (4) eggs. They were
white and very uniform in size. The eggs measured 15-16 mm. long
and 9-10 mm. wide. One side of each egg was slightly distended.
The eggs were in the center of the nest, and were not in any sense
covered with soil. The soil below them was moist and loose. When
the rock was moved the eggs were noticed at once. Before I could
examine them, the female came from the back of the nest, saw me,
and deserted her nest. She was captured and one toe on the right
hind foot was clipped off for identification. The female was re-
turned to her nest, and the eggs left for observation and incubation.
(August 3)

Nest Number Three

The third nest was found under one of the largest rocks on the
hillside. The outside entrance apparently did not go under this rock,
but along the side. The entrance tunnel was about 15 inches long.
The nest was located in the soil about 2^ inches above the bottom of
the rock and eight (8) inches below the surface. This was the largest
nest found; it measured 3^2 inches wide and 1^ inches high. The
nest contained four (4) newly hatched lizards and the female lizard.
Soon after the rock was moved the female lizard deserted her nest.
No effort w^as made to capture her, instead rocks were placed around
the entrance leading to the eggs ; this was done to protect the nest
from the loosened soil. I then remained a few feet away to observe.

After ten minutes I observed her in the oak and sage leaves at the

The Great Basin Naturalist
84 WILMER \V. TANNER Vol. IV, NoS. 3 &4

edge of the hole by the rock. For several minutes she explored the
hole thoroughly, as well as the rock pile which protected her eggs,
passing the entrance to the eggs several times. Finally, very cau-
tiously she entered the nest and remained. (August 3)

Nest Number Four

Nest number four was found at the edge of a large flattened rock,
which was under a sage brush. Upon moving the rock the nest was
clearly visible. It contained four (4) eggs. The eggs were in a nest
about 3 inches wide and about 1^ inches high. The entrance to the
nest was level with the base of the rock. The nest was not disturbed
further that day. (August 3)

Nest Number Five

The next morning I found the fifth nest. Of all the nests this one
was most difficult to locate. The tunnel was located under a small
rock and between two other rocks. These were moved and the tunnel
was found under still another rock, at the back of which two (2)
eggs and the female guardian were found. The nest was ten inches
below the surface. It was small, being only 2 inches wide and 1 inch
high. No attempt was made to capture the female at this time.

The nests were all found within a short distance of each other.
The extreme distance being 200 feet. It is interesting to find that a
female was found in each of the five nests.

THE EGGS AND YOUNG LIZARDS

In this study ten eggs and eight young lizards were observed. The
eggs were uniformly white in color and all were uniform in size
(15-16 mm. long and 9-10 mm. wide). From a short distance away
they appeared as sparrow eggs. At the time of discovery none of the
eggs were covered, not even in part, but were lying on the floor of the
nest not more than a fourth of an inch apart. The day after my dis-
covery of nest number two (2) an egg was removed from it in order
to observe the extent of incubation. The young embryo was well
formed and measured 57 mm. The other eggs from this nest hatched
August 14, eleven days after they were discovered. The largest speci-
men measured 69 mm.

In locating nest number five (5) one of the eggs was injured.
This tgg was opened and studied. The embryo in it was alive and
measured 62 mm., total length, and 34 mm., tail length. The second
egg hatched four days later, August 8, and measured 66 mm. in length.
From my study of the embryos from nests two and five it appears

Dec. 29, 1943 life history of eumeces skiltonianus 85

that for the last few weeks the embryo develops at the rate of about
one mm. per day. The other eggs were observed while hatching, and
in each nest (2 and 4) the eggs all hatched within a few hours of
each other. Example : Nest four was observed at 2 :30 p. m., August
13. One egg was hatching. At 10 p. m. all eggs had completed their
hatching.

The young lizards taken from nest one (1) had, from all appear-
ances, just completed hatching a few hours before they were col-
lected. Their measurements were almost identical with those hatched
later. Nest three (3) was left for observation. No measurements
were taken since they appeared identical with those in nest one v. 1 ) •
After observing this nest for several days the "family" suddenly dis-
appeared. I searched relentlessly in the hope of finding them under a
nearby rock. After working a radius of 43 feet from the nest a small
garter snake Thamno phis o. vagrans B. & G. was collected. After ex-
amining it, it was found to have just eaten a meal of four (4) young
lizards, tw^o of which had not been digested. They were 4 to 5 mm.
longer than the average newly incubated lizard. Whether they were
from another nest or from the one under observation is not known.
It is my opinion they represent a new family.

During my spring collecting, a young skink was collected about
three miles from the nesting area described above. This lizard was
collected May 15, 1939 and measured 90 mm. long. In appearance
this lizard is the same as those observed in August. From my findings
it appears that Eumeces s. skiltanianus in Utah "nests," mostly if not
entirely, from the first of July until late August.

INTERESTING HABITS

During the study of this species only rarely were specimens ob-
served out feeding or moving from one place to another. Most speci-
mens observed were seen only after they had been molested by turning
rocks. On one occasion two specimens were observed in a small open-
ing among the oak brush. Upon approaching too close, both hurried
into the loose dry oak leaves. As they moved across the opening their
blue tails were vigorously wiggled, as if to attract one's attention.
This tail wiggling was observed in all specimens, even the young liz-
ards exhibited it.

One morning while observing in the nesting area, one of the fe-
males was seen a short distance from her nest. Her movements
through the leaves and rocks were slow and with a jerky motion. Her

The Great Basin Naturalist
86 WILMER W. TANNER Vol. IV, NoS. 3 &4

ability to creep over and through the dry leaves without making a
noise was amazing. The fact that these forms are very secretive in
their habits explains in part why more were not seen. Their move-
ments and habitats must also be regarded as an important factor.

The most interesting habits observed were those associated with
the "nesting" females. As stated above, all nests were cared for by
a guardian ; this term has been applied to the female since in every
instance she was present at the nest. In some cases the area around
the nests was completely changed due to the turning of the rocks. In
spite of these changes the guardian was undaunted in her efforts to
remain with the eggs or the young. For a few days it appeared as
though nest No. 2 had been deserted, but after 6 days she was again
on duty. Of the five (5) nests observed only one lizard made any
attempt to remain with the nest while it was being uncovered and in-
vestigated. This lizard, in nest 4, was a real guardian. Each day
she appeared in front of her eggs and attacked any object thrust into
the entrance. On August 4, with the aid of a small stick, an attempt
was made to remove one of the eggs for examination. No sooner had
the egg been touched than she attacked the stick, biting it and holidng
on tenatiously. In removing the stick she was pulled with it to the
mouth of the entrance. Here she released her hold and returned to
the nest. A second attempt resulted in the same activities. No other
lizard showed so much concern about her nest. Each day as the nest
was visited she would engage in the same defense of her eggs.

On August 10, the eggs from nest 2 and 4 were collected. In col-
lecting them a small stick was used to roll the eggs out of the hole.
As before the stick was attacked several times by the female in nest
4 before the eggs could be rolled toward the entrance of the nest. In
nest 4, while the first egg was being rolled, the guardian followed
close behind. As it neared the entrance, she seized the egg, after bit-
ing it several times she released it. In this encounter the egg had been
ruptured slightly. The female lizard made no attempt to escape, but
remained with the egg until she was collected.

In locating the nests a certain amount of disturbance of the soil
at the nest entrance was unavoidable; this resulted in the guardian
moving the eggs in and extending the nests. In nests Nos. 4 and 5
the females nearly filled up the entrance to the nests with soil and
moved the eggs several inches farther in from the entrance.

It was interesting to note the large number of males uncovered in
the nesting area. Most of them were found under rocks, but several

Dec. 29, 1943 life history of eumeces skiltonianus 87

were found at the end of small tunnels leading 10 to 15 inches under
ground. From my observations it appears that the males have under-
ground tunnels much the same as those of the females but without
an enlarged nest.

FEEDING HABITS

A number of writers have referred to this species as an insect
feeder (3) (4). Dr. Woodbury^ obsei"ved them "feeding on flies."
During this study at no time was it my good fortune to observe them
feeding. An attempt to observe feeding was made while they were
in captivity but without success ; although it is certain that feeding did
occur because the insects, grasshoppers, flies, etc.. disappeared. A
study of the stomach contents of six specimens reveals, at least in
part, the types of invertebrates preyed upon by these lizards. Much
of the food was of those forms commonly found under rocks and
leaves (moths, beetles, crickets, and grasshopper remains were ob-
served in the stomach contents). This may explain why open feed-
ing was not observed in the nesting area.

An attempt to further study the life history of these lizards has
failed to produce any information pertaining to the date of egg lay-
ing, mating or other desirable data. The study will continue in the
hope that a more complete story may be told at a later date.

In order to provide a basis for comparing juvenile and adult speci-
ments. a table of measurements and scale counts is included of those
taken in the nesting area.

SUMMARY

1. In this paper the life history of Skilton's Skink, Eumeces s.
skiltonianus (B. 8z G.) is discussed.

2. The lizards were found to have under ground "nests," in
which the eggs were laid and protected by the females, until the young
lizards were hatched, and were able to care for themselves.

3. The female lizard did not readily desert her nest.

4. The food habits were apparently quite secretive. The food
consisted of insects.

5. A table of measurements reveals the size of these forms at the
time of hatching and at adulthood.

5 Woodbury Angus M., 1931. A Descriptive Catalog of the Reptiles of UtaVi. Bull. Univ.
of Utah, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 59-61.

' The Great Basin Naturalist

88 WILMER W. TANNER Vol. IV, NoS. 3 &4

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS

B.Y. U.

Museum

Xo.

Nest

No.

Sex

Total
Length

Tail
Length

Snout to
Anus

Dorsals

Ventrals

Scale
Rows

2217

1

70

42

28

59

63

25

2218

1

70

42

28

57

65

24

2219

1

69

41

28

57

64

24

2220

1

68

40

28

57

65

24

2222

2

57

33

24

61

66

25

2229

2

69

41

28

60

64

24

2230

2

67

39.5

27.5

58

65

25

2226

3

?

76

46

30

60

62

26

2227

3

75

45.5

29.5

60

66

25

2223

5

61

34

27

55

66

25

2224

5

66

39

27

60

66

24

2292

4

68

40

28

58

64

26

2293

4

9

69

41

28

56

66

25

2099

90

55

35

56

62

24

2849

1

?

138

78

60

59

66

26

2850

2

162

103

59

58

67

25

2239

c^

140

98

52

59

67

25

2225

5

?

117

54

63

60

66

24

2221

2

?

125

64

61

58

66

24

2228

4

$

125

60

64

6r

66

26

2238

?

113

50

63

60

64

24

2237

c?

135

74

61

56

64

24

2233

?

131

70

61

60

67

24

2232

2

131

67

64

61

67

25

2236

c^

123

69

54

55

67

24

2235

c?

144

89

55

58

65

24

2234

cT

129

78

51

58

65

24

2231

cT

147

89

58

57

67

25

UNDESCRir.ED SPECIES OF WESTERN NEARCTIC
TIPL'LIDAE (DIPTERA). L

CHARLES P. ALEXANDER

Massachusetts State College

Amherst, Massachusetts

Following the recent publication of a manual considering the crane-
flies of northeastern North America (The Diptera of Connecticut,
Fascicle 1 : 183-486, 501-509 (index) ; f^gs. 18-55, with 389 sub-figures;
1943), I am devoting all possible time to the preparation of a com-
parable work considering the fauna of the Rocky Mountain and Pa-
cific Coast states and provinces, from the Mexican border northward
through Alaska. The northeastern North American area includes
about 500 species whereas the still insufficiently known western Ne-
arctic fauna is already very much larger and will undoubtedy be
found to exceed 1,000 species of these flies. In the present paper I
am describing various species of the tribe Hexatomini from the west-
ern United States.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to Messrs. Thomas H. G.
Aitken, George E. Bohart, Mont Cazier, Otto Degener, Anthony
Downes, Merton C. Lane and James A. Macnab for their kindness in
collecting ample materials in the Tipulidae and presenting such speci-
mens to me. Still others of the specimens discussed at this time were
taken by the late Dr. Harrison G. Dyar and Mr. Edward P. Van
Duzee. Except where indicated to the contrary, the types of the new
forms are preserved in my collection of World Tipulidae.

Limnophila (Prionolabis) sequoiarum Alexander, sp. n.

General coloration black, sparsely pruinose ; antennae 16-segmented,
black throughout ; wings yellowish brown, with a conspicuous brown
pattern, especially at origin of Rs and over the cord and outer end of
cell 1st M-2; R2+s+4 short to very short; inale hypopygium with the
tergite produced into two conspicuous, microscopically roughened
lobes that are separated by a very broad U-shaped notch ; median area
of ninth sternite produced into a fleshy median lobe ; outer dististyle
glabrous, provided with a single slender spine on mesal edge a short
distance before the shorter apex ; basal lobe of outer style very loosely
attached, large and fleshy; inner dististyle a simple stout lobe; aede-
agus not dilated or expanded.

89

The Great Basin Naturalist
90 CHAS. P. ALEXANDER Vol. IV, NoS. 3 & 4

Male. — Length about 9.5 - 10.5 mm.; wing 9.5 - 11 mm.; antenna
about 1.8-2 mm.

Female. — Length about 11 mm.; wing 8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae 16-segmented, short, black
throughout, the scape sparsely pruinose ; basal flagellar segments oval,
the outer ones more elongate ; verticils of outer segments shorter than
the segments. Head black, pruinose, the surface opaque.

Pronotum and mesonotum black, sparsely pruinose, the praescutum
without distinct stripes. Pleura black, more heavily pruinose ; dor-
sopleural membrane dark. Halteres obscure yellow. Legs with the
coxae brown, gray pruinose ; trochanters yellow ; femora obscure yel-
low, the tips blackened, somewhat more broadly so on the fore pair
where about the distal fifth is included ; tibiae obscure yellow, the tips
blackened ; remainder of legs black ; claws small, simple. Wings yel-
lowish brown, patterned with darker brown ; prearcular and costal
fields more yellowish ; conspicuous brown clouds at origin of Rs, cord,
outer end of cell 1st M2 and fork of M1+2 ; stigma unusually small,
dark brown ; veins brown, brighter colored in the flavous fields. Ve-
nation : /?2+.3+4 short, variable in length, in cases subequal to basal
section of R^, in other specimens even shorter, the cell 7?.-? being very
short-petiolate to subsessile ; cell Mi variable in length, from subequal
to nearly twice its petiole ; m-ctt at or before midlength of lower face
of cell 1st M2.

Abdomen black, the surface nitidous or nearly so, the extreme cau-
dal borders of the outer segments obscure yellow ; hypopygium black,
the ninth segment narrowly bordered with pale. Male hypopygium
with the tergite large, the caudal margin provided with long black-
ened lobes that are separated by a very large LT-shaped notch ; lobes
with microscopic appressed points or tubercles, the caudal border ap-
pearing crenulate. Ninth sternite similarly produced into a very con-
spicuous median lobe that is provided with abundant microscopic
setulae and a very few long setae. Outer dististyle glabrous, com-
pressed-flattened, widened outwardly, bearing a single very long slen-
der spinous point on mesal edge a short distance before the shorter
acute apex ; basal lobe of style suboval, unusually separated from the
'^tyle itself. Inner dististyle a simple stout lobe, at its base with an
unusually small subglobular lobule. Aedeagus not dilated or expanded,
as is the case in most other species of the subgenus. Gonapophyses
simple, each with an acute spinous point that is directed cephalad.

Harttat. — California.

Dec. 29, 1943 undescribed western tipulidae 91

HoLOTYPE, (^, Sequoia National Park, June 8, 1942 (Otto Dege-
nev) .

Allotopotype, 5» pinned with type. Paratopotypes, 10 (^J*.

Limnophila (Prionolahis) sequoiarum is entirely different from all
other described members of the subgenus. In all details of structure
of the male hypopygium it is one of the most distinct species in our
fauna. The undilated aedeagus is especially characteristic of this fly
and suggests a parallelism with the related subgenus Phylidorea Bigot,
where species are found with the aedeagus slender to others where
it is broadly compressed-flattened, as is the common condition in the
present subgenus.

Limnophila (Prionolahis) freeborni Alexander, sp. n.

General coloration black, the surface opaque by a sparse yellow
pollen ; antennae short, black throughout ; knobs of halteres darkened ;
femora chiefly brownish black, the bases narrowly brightened ; wings
brownish yellow, rather heavily patterned with darker brown ; male
hypopygium with the outer dististyle having a single subapical den-
ticle ; inner dististyle with the outer portion a simple black rod, its
base surrounded by several microscopically blackened spinulae ; gona-
pophyses with apex obliquely truncated, the inner angle drawn out
into a long pale point.

Male. — Length about 9 mm. ; wing 9.5 mm.

Rostrum black, very sparsely pruinose ; palpi black. Antennae very
short, if bent backward extending only to the fore part of praescutum,
black throughout ; flagellar segments suboval, the more proximal ones
crowded ; longest verticils subequal in length to the segments. Head
dull black, sparsely yellow pollinose.

Pronotum brownish gray. Mesonotum chiefly black, the surface
opaque by a sparse yellow pollen, the praescutum without clearly de-
limited stripes ; scutellum somewhat more heavily pruinose. Pleura
grayish pruinose ; dorsopleural membrane inf uscated. Halteres with
stem obscure yellow, knob infuscated. Legs with coxae black, sparse-
ly pruinose ; trochanters brownish yellow ; femora brownish black, the
bases rather restrictedly brightened, the fore femora more extensively
darkened than the others ; tibiae and basitarsi brown, the tips darker ;
remainder of tarsi brownish black. Wings with the ground color
brownish yellow, rather heavily patterned with darker brown clouds ;
stigma dark brown ; seams at origin of Rs, cord and outer end of cell
1st M2 ; vein Cu and axillary border less evidently bordered by darker ;

The Great Basin Naturalist
92 CHAS. P. ALEXANDER Vol. IV, NoS. 3 & 4

veins brown, somewhat darker in tlie patterned portions. \'enation :
Sc2 in transverse alignment with the fork of Rs; R2+3+4 short, sub-
equal to Ri+2 or R2; cell A/i small, about one-half its petiole; 7n-cu at
near midlength of lower face of cell 1st M2.

Abdomen, including hypopygium, dull black, sparsely pruinose.
Male hypopygium wath the tergal notch U-shaped, the lateral lobes
glabrous. Outer dististyle with only a single subapical denticle, this
nearly as strong as the apical point ; outer surface of style with micro-
scopic appressed spiculae ; outer basal lobe very inconspicuous, ap-
pressed to face of style. Inner dististyle with its outer portion a
simple black rod, the base of which is surrounded by several micro-
scopic black spinulae. Gonapophyses appearing as flattened yellow
blades, paling to subhyaline at tips ; apex obliquely truncated, the in-
ner angle drawn out into a long pale point, the remainder of apical
border with scattered irregular pale points. Aedeagus compressed-
flattened.

Habitat. — California (El Dorado Co.).

HoLOTYPE, (^, Echo Lake, near Lake Tahoe, altitude 7.500 feet,
June 2, 1940 (T. H. G. Aitken). Taken at the cottage of Dr. Stan-
ley B. Freeborn.

I am pleased to dedicate this interesting species to Colonel Free-
born, whose work on the mosquitoes of California has been outstand-
ing. The fly is quite distinct from all other regional species, especially
in the structure of the male hypopygium, notably of both dististyles
and the gonapophyses, all of which have distinctive forms. In some
regards the species is most similar to the species next described. Lini-
nopliila (Prionolabis) vanconvcrensis, but the resemblance is remote.

Limnophila (Prionolabis) vancouverensis Alexander, sp. n.

Size relatively large (wing over 10 mm.) ; general coloration black,
gray pruinose, on the praescutum delimiting three more blackened
stripes; fore and middle femora extensively blackened, the posterior
pair somewhat less extensively so ; wings brownish yellow, extensively
patterned with brown, appearing as seams along the cord, outer end
of cell 1st M2, along vein Cit, and elsewhere; male hypopygium with
the inner dististyle terminating in two points, with a mass of black-
ened appressed spinulae in the notch ; gonapophyses expanded at tip
into a narrow blade that is further produced into a short spinous point.

Male. — Length about 10-12 mm.; wing 10-14.5 mm.; antenna
about 2.3 - 2.7 mm.

Dec. 29, 1943 undescribed western titulidae 93

Female. — Length about 14 mm. ; wing 14 mm.

Rostrum black, sparsely pruinose ; palpi black. Antennae 16-beg-
mented, black throughout, scape a trifle pruinose; basal llagellar seg-
ments oval, the outer ones elongate and more slender; verticils rela-
tively short and inconspicuous. Head dark gray ; anterior vertex wide,
about four times the diameter of the scape.

Pronotum heavily light gray pruinose. Mesonotal praescutum
more yellowish gray pruinose, with three more blackened stripes, the
median one slightly more pruinose than the laterals ; pseudosutural
foveae black, conspicuous ; posterior sclerites of notum black, sparsely
pruinose, the centers of the scutal lobes more polished. Pleura black,
heavily pruinose ; dorsopleural membrane dull buffy. Halteres uni-
form pale yellow. Legs with the coxae and trochanters black, sparsely
pruinose, in cases the trochanters somewhat paler ; fore and middle
femora black with about the basal third yellow ; tibiae and basitarsi
black, the tips narrowly more blackened ; remaining tarsi black ; pos-
terior femora somewhat more extensively pale, in cases with only the
distal eighth or ninth blackened. Wings brownish yellow, the costal
and prearcular fields clearer yellow\ especially the latter; stigma oval,
brown ; an extensive, somewhat paler brown pattern, including the
origin of Rs, cord, R2+:',+i and its fork, outer end of cell 1st M2 and a
conspicuous seam along vein Cii; certain other veins more narrowly
and less conspicuously seamed with brown, most evident on A^-. and
2nd A ; veins brown, yellow in the prearcular field. Venation : R-i+z+i
variable in length, from subequal to the basal section of Rrj to fully
three times this length ; cell 71/ 1 subequal to or a little longer than its
petiole ; m-cu close to midlength of lower face of cell 1st M2.

Abdomen, including hypopygium, dull black. Male hypopygmm
with the tergal lobes relatively small, the separating notch U-shaped.
Outer dististyle with scattered teeth of various sizes, in cases these
only two or three in number, in other specimens more numerous, up
to five or six ; outer fleshy lobe long, low and appressed, extending
about to one-half or even to nearly two-thirds the length of style.
Inner distist}'le short and compact, the outer mass extended into a
slender straight spine at the outer lateral angle, with a shorter and
stouter lobe at the inner angle, the notch between these points with a
conical mass of appressed blackened spinulose points ; basal lobe of
style small but conspicuous, with unusually long setae, the longest
more than twice the length of the lobe. Gonapophyses slender-
stemmed, at apex dilated into a compressed-flattened head, thence pro-
duced into a relatively short beak. Aedeagus compressed-flattened.

The Great Basin Naturalist
94 CHAS. P. ALEXANDER Vol. IV, NoS. 3 & 4

Habitat. — Northwestern North America (Vancouveran Biotic
Province).

HoLOTYPE, J*, Boyer Station, near McMinnville, Yamhill Co., Ore-
gon, July 5, 1936 (J. A. Macnab). Allotopotype, $, July 13, 1936
(Macnab). Paratopotypes, 7 J' $, May 27 - June 21, 1934; June
11 -July 14, 1935. Paratypes, ^ $, Juneau, Alaska, June 22. 1919
(H. G. Dyar) ; Ketchikan, Alaska, June 20, 1919 (H. G. Dyar) ; Ash-
ford, Pierce Co., Washington, June 7, 1921 (H. G. Dyar) ; Forks,
Clallam Co., Washington, July 1, 1920 (E. P. Van Duzee) ; Lake Cush-
man. Mason Co., Washington, June 27, 1917 (H. G. Dyar) ; Silver
Falls State Park, Marion Co., Oregon, June 23, 1939 (T. H. G.
Aitken & G. E. Bohart) ; Elk Lake, Marion Co., Oregon, altitude
3,850 ft., July 3, 1938 (M. C. Lane) ; Prospect, Jackson Co., Oregon,
May 22, 1921 (H. G. Dyar).

Limno phila (Prionolahis) vaiicoicvercnsis is very different from all
hitherto described American species of the subgenus, dift'ering espe-
cially in the large size and in the structure of the male hypopygium.
In size it rivals the largest eastern North American species, L. (F.J
riifibasis Osten Sacken. The structure of the inner dististyles and
the gonapophyses are distinctive, the latter being most similar to those
of the otherw^ise entirely different L. (P.) boharti, sp. n. The specific
name, vancouverensis, is derived from the Vancouveran (Oregonian)
biotic province rather than from any specific locality. This conspicu-
ous and common species had been mis-identified as L. (P.) cressoni
Alexander and has been distributed to various museums and private
students under this latter name.

Limnophila (Prionolahis) boharti Alexander, sp. n.

Size medium (wing, male, under 10 mm.) ; antennae 13-segmente(,l,
short ; body black, sparsely pruinose, the surface opaque ; halteres
yellow ; wings relatively broad, pale brown, with a restricted darker
brown pattern ; male hypopygium with the outer dististyle having a
single developed subapical tooth ; inner dististyle terminating in a
slender straight lobe that bears numerous conspicuous erect setae on
its outer portion ; gonapophyses slender-stemmed, at apex dilated into
a suboval blade that is further produced into a long beak, the whole
suggesting the head and beak of a sandpiper.

Male. — Length about 8.2 - 8.5 mm. ; wing 9.4 - 9.6 muL ; antenna
about 1 .5 mm.

Dec. 29, 1943 undescribed western tipulidae 95

Rostrum black, sparsely pruinose ; palpi black. Antennae black
throughout, 13-segmented ; flagellar segments oval, the outer ones more
elongate ; terminal segment longer than the penultimate ; verticels of
outer segments relatively long and conspicuous, subequal in length to
the segments. Head black, sparsely pruinose.

Pronotum black, more or less pruinose. Mesonotum uniform black,
with a sparse pruinosity to produce an opaque appearance. Pleura
black, similarly sparsely pruinose ; dorsopleural region black. Halteres
uniform yellow. Legs with the coxae black, sparsely pruinose; tro-
chanters dark brown ; femora and tibiae obscure yellow to brownish
yellow, passing into brownish black at tips ; tarsi black ; claws small,
simple. Wings relatively broad, with a weak brownish tinge; pre-
arcular and costal fields more yellow ; a restricted medium brown pat-
tern, including the stigma, origin of Rs, cord and outer end of cell
1st M-> ; a scarcely evident darkening along vein Cn ; cell 2nd A weak-
ly darkened ; veins brown, more yellowish in the brightened fields.
\'enation: 7^2+3+4 variable in length, subequal to the basal section of
A'.-, in cases a little longer or shorter; cell il/i subequal to or shorter
than its petiole; cell 1st M-i rectangular, with m-cu close to midlength
of its lower face.

Abdomen black, the surface suljnitidous. Male hypopygium with
the notch of tergite relatively broad and deep U-shaped ; lateral lobes
obtuse at tips. Outer dististyle with a single developed denticle back
from the more slender apical spine, in cases this tooth more obtuse ;
outer lobe very low and appressed to the outer face of style. Inner
dististyle with a slender straight lobe that bears several unusually
long setae on its outer portion ; basal part of style a more fleshy lobe
with conspicuous erect setae. Gonapophyses pale, slender-stemmed,
the apex dilated into a small suboval compressed blade that is further
produced into a long, narrow, nearly straight, beaklike portion, the
structure more or less suggesting the head and beak of a sandpiper
or curlew. Aedeagus strongly compressed-flattened.

Habitat. — Oregon (Jackson Co.).

Holotype, ^, Mount McLoughlin, June 25. 1939 (T. H. G. Aitken
& G. E. Bohart). Paratype.s, 2 J'J*. pinned with the type.

I am very pleased to name this species for Dr. George E. Bohart,
to whom I am indebted for several specimens of western Tipulidae.
The species is very distinct from all other regional species, especially
in the 13-segmented antennae and in the structure of the male hypo-
pygium, notably of the outer and inner dististyles and the gonapophy-

The Great Basin Naturalist
96 CHAS. P. ALEXANDER Vol. IV, NoS. 3 & 4

ses. In the Japanese and Chinese fauna, where more than a score of
species of Prioiiolabis are found, there are a few species ( harukonis
Alexander, imanisliii Alexander and luteibasalis Alexander) similarly
having 13-segmented antennae instead of the normal for the subgenus
of 16-segmented. It is strange that in the nearly forty species of
Prionolabis now known, none has been discovered having an inter-
mediate number of 14 segments or 15 segments.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) mariposa Alexander, sp. n.

Allied to eriopliora ; general coloration black, pollinose or pruinose ;
mesonotal praescutum with the ground color fulvous yellow, with four
conspicuous black stripes ; first flagellar segment wdth about fifteen
short spinous setae ; femora and tibiae reddish yellow, the tips rather
narrowly brownish black, the amount subequal on all legs ; wings with
an unusually strong blackish tinge, especially on the proximal half ;
stigma dark brown ; vein R2+-S+4 shorter than the basal section of T^n ;
cell Ml a little longer than its petiole ; abdomen brownish black, the
outer sternites more fulvous yellow ; ovipositor with elongate dark-
colored cerci.

Female. — Length about 25 mm.; wing 17 mm.; antenna about
5.7 mm.

Rostrum black ; palpi black. Antennae of moderate length, as
shown by the measurements, 11-segmented ; scape reddish yellow be-
neath, more blackened above; scape brownish black; flagellum black,
the outer segments a trifle paler ; flagellar segments cylindrical ; first
segment a little less than twice the length of the second, stout, pro-
vided with about 15 short spinous setae; succeeding segments progiess-
ively more slender. Head dark brown; on either side of the large
entire vertical tubercle with a patch of golden yellow' setulae, forming
conspicuous yellow spots on the anterior orbits.

Pronotum small, brownish black. Mesonotal praescutum with the
ground color fulvous yellow, with four conspicuous black stripes, the
intermediate pair narrowly united at the cephalic portion of the scler-
ite ; lateral stripes much broader, crossing the suture onto the scutal
lobes ; extreme lateral border of praescutum infuscated ; setae of
praescutum abundant, dark-colored ; posterior sclerites of notum black-
ened, sparsely yellow pollinose ; scutellum with relatively long and
abundant yellow setae. Pleura and pleurotergite brownish black, the
dorsal sternopleurite with a large more reddish area ; ventral sterno-
pleurite pruinose. Halteres short, stem brown, knob brownish black.

Dec. 29. 1943 undescribed western tipulidae 97

Legs with the coxae gray pruinose ; trochanters obscure reddish brown,
sparsely pruinose ; femora redchsh yellow, the tips rather narrowly
brownish black, the amount subequal on all legs, on the fore pair in-
cluding about the distal sixth, on the posterior pair nearly the distal
eighth; tibiae yellow, the tips even more narrowly blackened; proxi-
mal two tarsal segments obscure yellow, tipped with black ; outer
tarsal segments uniformly black. Wings with an unusually strong
blackish tinge, especially on proximal half, the outer cells with more
yellowish brown centers to appear somewhat lighter in color ; the dark
color, in part, is produced by broad dark seams to the veins ; stigma
relatively small, oval, dark brown ; veins dark brown. Macrotnchia
beyond cord on veins 7?2+3, Rs, R4 and distal section of i?5 ; none on
any part of M, Cu or the Anals. Venation : Sc long, .SVi ending be-
yond one-third the length of R2+:'. ; R-^i+i short, from two-thirds to
three-fourths the length of basal section of R->; cell Ah a little longer
than its petiole ; cell 1st M2 relatively small, about as long as vein Ms
beyond it ; m-cii about twice as long as the distal section of Cm.

Abdomen brownish black ; basal sternites more or less pruinose,
outer sternites more fulvous yellow. Ovipositor with unusually long
and conspicuous cerci, blackened at bases, dark liver-brown outwardly.

Habitat. — California (Mariposa Co.).

HoLOTYPE, $, Mormon Bar. June 6. 1939 (A. Downes).

Hexatoma (Eriocera) mariposa is most closely allied to H. (E.)
eriophora (Williston), differing especially in the details of coloration,
especially of the legs and the unusually heavily darkened wings. It
seems very probable that more than a single species has been con-
fused under the name eriophora.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) intrita Alexander, sp. n.

Allied to velveta ; general coloration black', pruinose; antennae with
scape and pedicel black ; femora yellow, the tips narrowly blackened,
on the posterior legs involving about the distal eighth of segment ;
wings relatively narrow, whitish subhyaline. sparsely patterned with
brown, including a conspicuous seam over the cord ; macrotrichia of
outer veins very sparse or lacking ; /?2+.3+4 nearly straight, about twice
as long as the basal section of Rr> ; cell 1st M-2 long-rectangular, about
as long as vein A/1+2 beyond it ; abdomen, including hypopygium, black,
sparsely pruinose.

Male. — Length about 11 mm.; wing 11 x 2.6 mm.

The Great Basin Naturalist
98 CHAS. P. ALEXANDER Vol. IV, NoS. 3 & 4

Rostrum black, sparsely pruinose ; palpi black. Antennae with
scape and pedicel black ; flagellum broken. Head black, probably prui-
nose in fresh specimens ; eyes relatively small ; anterior vertex about
three times the diameter of scape.

Pronotum and mesonotum black, discolored and denuded in the
unique type, probably heavily gray pruinose and with praescutal stripes
in fresh specimens. Pleura black, gray pruinose ; dorsopleural mem-
brane dark brown. Halteres with stem buffy yellow, knob dark brown.
Legs with coxae black, gray pruinose ; trochanters yellow ; a single leg
(hind) remains; femora yellow, clearest basally, the tips narrowly
black, in amount involving only about the distal eighth ; tibiae dark
brown, tips blackened ; tarsi black. Wings relatively narrow, as shown
by the measurements ; whitish subhyaline, sparsely patterned with
brown, including the small oval stigma and a broad seam along the
cord ; narrower and less conspicuous seams over the outer end of
cell 1st M2 and bordering the longitudinal veins ; wing margin nar-
rowdy bordered by brown ; veins dark brown. Macrotrichia of veins
beyond cord very sparse, lacking except for a restricted series on distal
section of Rr,. Venation: Sc\ ending about opposite two-fifths the
length of 7?2+.3+4, .SV2 a short distance from its tip; R2+Z+4 only slightly
arcuated to nearly straight, cell Ka at base correspondingly narrow ;
i?2+3+4 nearly twice the basal section of Rz ; cell 1st M2 long-rectangular,
only slightly widened outwardly, subequal in length to vein il/1+2 be-
yond it; m-cu nearly one-half its length beyond the fork of Af.

Abdomen black, sparsely pruinose ; pleural membrane slightly paler ;
hypopygium black.

Habitat. — Washington (Walla Walla Co.).

HoLOTYPE, c?, Walla Walla, altitude 1,000 feet., May 28, 1938
(M. C. Lane).

The nearest described species is Hcxatoma (Erioccra) vclvcta
(Doane) of the central and southern Rocky Mountain region. This
is most readily told by the dififerent pattern and venation of the wings
and by the increased amount of black on the tips of the femora.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) azrael Alexander, sp. n.

Allied to austera ; general coloration black, sparsely pruinose ;
praescutum with three conspicuous black stripes ; antennae black, 7-
segmented in male, 9-segmented in female, short in both sexes; halteres
black; wings with a strong brownisli tinge, unpatterned except for the
slightly darker stigma; abdomen, including hypopygium, black; male

Dec. 29, 1943 undescribed western tipulidae 99

hypopygium of moderate size, without spinous setae on outer faces
of basistyles.

Male. — Length about 7 - 7.2 mm. ; wing 7.5 - 8 mm. ; antenna about
2 mm.

Female. — Length about 8 mm. ; wing 8.2 mm. ; antenna about
2 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae short in both sexes, 7-seg-
mented in male, 9-segmented in female ; black, the scape more or less
pruinose ; in male, first flagellar segment longer and stouter than the
others, about equal in length to the combined second and third ; termi-
nal segment a little more than one-third the length of the penultimate ;
first flagellar segment with numerous long setae but with no modified
emergence spines ; in female, first flagellar segment somewhat less en-
larged than in male. Head black, sparsely pruinose, more heavily so
on front; anterior vertex broad, about three and one-half times as
wide as the diameter of scape.

Pronotum black, pruinose. Mesonotum black, light gray pruinose,
the praescutum with three blackened stripes, the broad median one
more or less divided by a capillary duller black vitta ; praescutal in-
terspaces with sparse and inconspicuous pale setae ; actual lobes with
darkened centers. Pleura black, gray pruinose, more heavily so on
the ventral sclerites ; dorsopleural membrane blackened. Halteres rel-
atively short, blackened. Legs with the coxae black, sparsely pruinose ;
trochanters black ; remainder of legs black. Wings with a strong
brownish tinge, the centers of some of the cells, especially R, paler;
a pale streak immediately behind the basal half of vein 1st A ; stigma
short-oval, pale brown, a little darker than the ground ; veins brown-
ish black. Macrotrichia of veins beyond cord sparse, including a se-
ries along most of the outer section of vein R^. Venation : Sci ending
shortly beyond the fork of Rs, Sc2 at its tip ; R1+2 subequal to R-2, the
latter at or just beyond the fork of i?2+3+4 ; cell 1st M2 subequal in
length to or longer than vein il/1+2 beyond it; ni-cit about one-third its
length beyond the fork of M, subequal to or a little shorter than the
distal section of vein Cm.

Abdomen, including hypopygium, black, the sternites slightly more
opaque. Male hypopygium relatively small, as compared with austera,
without spinous setae on the outer face of basistyle as in this latter
fly. Ovipositor with the valves relatively short and fleshy, especially
the cerci which are much shorter than the hypovalvae, truncated at
their tips.

The Great Basin Naturalist
100 CHAS. P. ALEXANDER Vol. IV, NoS. 3 &4

Habitat. — California (Nevada Co.).

HoLOTYPE, (^, Cisco, June 13, 1939 (Mont Cazier). Allotopo-
TYPE, 5, pinned with the type. Paratopotype, (^.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) azracl is readily told from H. (£.) parva
(Doane) by the larger size and details of coloration, as the uniformly
blackened halteres. I am not fully convinced of the specific distinct-
ness of parva from H. (E.) austera (Doane). Venation in species of
this group is surprisingly variable and can be relied upon only within
very restricted limits.

Dec. 29, 1943 101

Insect Food of the Western Meadowlark

The present study oi the insect lood uf the western nieadovviark, J^lnniclla
neglccta Audubon, further emphasizes its value to agriculture and its help in
suppressing range insect pests in Utah. The following report is based on an
examination of the stomach contents of 172 specimens collected in Utah during
the eleven seasons 1932 through 1942, inclusive. Table 1 was prepared to indi-
cate the number of recognizable insects present seasonally in the stomachs, ar-
ranged under the various insect orders. Fifty-two of the stomachs were collected
April through June, 45 during July and August, and 75 in September and October.

Insect material still recognizable in the stomachs included: 242 adult and
92 nymphal grasshoppers, Mclanoplus iiic.vicamis Saus. being most frequently rec-
ognizable, besides 41 grasshopper eggs, doubtless digested from female abdomens ;
14 Mormon cricket nymphs, Anabnts simplex Hald., 1 snowy tree cricket,
Oecanthus niveus (De G.), 2 Jerusalem crickets, Stcnopclmatus lonyispina Brun-
ner, 1 coulee cricket, and 1 phasmid. Neuroptera recognized were 2 raphidids and
2 mantispids. Odonata, 2 dragonflies and 1 damselfly. Hemiptera included among
the Lygaeidae, 41 false chinch bugs, Nysius ericac (Sch.), 1 Lygacus kalmii Stal,
1 Ligyrocoris nitidiilus (Uhl.), and 2 Corizits liyaliiuis Uhl. ; the 42 Pentatomidae
included 3 Acrostermmi hilaris (Say), 11 BracJiynicna sulcata Van D., 2 Chlor-
ochroa uhleri Stal, 7 C. sayi Stal, 2 Euschista inflatus Van D., 4 Thyanta custator
(Fabr.) ; 3 Reduviidae included one Rcduvius personatits (L.) and 1 Sinea diadema
(Fabr.) ; among the Miridae were 4 Lygiis hcspcrius Knight and 6 L. elisus
Van D. ; Coreidae, 1 Carpocorus remota Horv., 1 Lcptocoris trivittatus Say, and
1 Peribalus Umholariits Stal; one Neididae ; 6 Scutelleridae included 2 Homaenius
aenifrons (Say). Among the Homoptera were 14 sugar-beet leaf hoppers, Eiitettix
tenellus (Baker), one Oncomctopins lateralis (Fabr.), and 11 pea aphids, Macrosi-
phimi pisi (Kalt.). Coleoptera included 1 Gyrinidae, 105 Carabidae, 6 Silphidae
of which 2 were Silpha lapponica Hbst. ; 5 Staphylinidae ; of the 4 Meloidae 1
was Epicaiita pennsylvanica (De G.) ; 12 Elateridae, 1 a wireworm ; 4 Bupresti-
dae ; 7i Dermestidae included 48 larvae, 1 adult Dermestes frischi Kug., 1 D.
mannoratns Say, 1 D. talpinus Mann, and 3 D. lardariiis L. ; 20 Tenebrionidae ;
of 33 Scarabaeidae, 21 were of the genus Aphodiits. mostly .Iphodius granariiis
(L.) and A. distinctns Mull. ; 1 Histeridae ; 1 Lucanidae ; 2 Cerambycidae ; of 26
Chrysomelidae, 2 were larvae and 1 an adult asparagus beetle, Criocerns asparagi
(L.) and 1 Disonycha peiuisylranica (111.) ; 3 Mylabridae, pea weevils, Bruchus
pisormn (L.) ; 76 Curculionidae included 7 adult and 19 larval clover leaf weevils,
Hypera punctata (Fabr.), 38 adult and 6 larval alfalfa weevils, Phytoiiomus pos-
ticus (Gyll.), and 7 strawberry root weevils, Brachyrliiiitts ovatus (L.) and B.
rugosostriatus Goeze.

Lepidoptera included 13 beet webworms, Loxostcgc sticticalis L., of the
family Pyralidae ; of 223 specimens that appeared to be Phalaenidae larvae, at
least 54 were army cutworms, Chorisagrotis aiixilaris (Grote) and 1 was a corn
earworm, Heliothis armigcra Hbn. ; there were only 9 adult Lepidoptera recog-
nized while 483 larvae were found. Diptera included 1 Tipulidae, 3 Chironomidae,
1 Culicidae, 2 Calliphoridae, and 2 Muscidae. Among recognizable Hymenoptera
were 2 Tenthredinidae, 2 Chrysididae, 245 Formicidae, 2 Vespidae, 3 Sphecidae,

102

The Great Basin Naturalist

Vol. IV, Nos. 3&4

4 Andrenidae, 2 Megachilidae and 2 other wild bees. Recognized material other
than insects was 36 spiders, 1 mite, 1 sowbug, 1 roundworm, 155 wheat and oat
seeds beside numerous sunflower and other weed seeds, the total being 744 seeds ;
some plant material also was found. — G. F. Knowlton and D. R. Maddock, Utah
Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan.

Table 1. Seasonal insect food recognized in 172 western meadowlark stomachs,
collected 1932 through 1942.

Order

April, May, June July, August Sept., Oct.
52 stomachs 45 stomachs 75 stomachs

Total

Orthoptera

58

180

201

439

Isoptera

3

0

14

17

Neuroptera

1

0

3

4

Odonata

0

3

0

3

Hemiptera

n

56

71

204

Homoptera

13

18

3

34

Coleoptera

417

111

290

818

Trichoptera

0

0

1

1

Lepidoptera

390

58

44

492

Diptera

14

1

18

2>Z

Hymenoptera

107

55

148

310

Total insects

1080

482

793

2355

Spiders and mites

23

5

9

n

Roundworms

1

0

0

1

Seeds of weeds, etc.

14

12

563

589

INDEX TO VOLUME IV

The new species described in this volume appear in bold- face type in this index.

Achorutes thomomys Chamberlain, 39
Acris crepitans Baird, 67
Alexander. Charles P., article by, 89

Bagous, americanus LeConte, 19

atratus Blatchley. 23

bituberosus LeConte, 29

blanchardi Blatchley, 20

blatchleyi Tanner, 14

californicus LeConte, 25

carinatus Blatchley, 22

cavifrons LeConte, 21

chandleri Tanner, 26

floridanus Tanner, 30

lengi Tanner, 13

longirostrus Tanner, 18

lunatus Blatchley, 11

maculatus Blatchley, 24

magister LeConte, 22

mamillatus Say, 16

nf^bulosus LeConte, 25

obliquus LeConte, 15

ochraceus Blatchley, 32

pauxillus Blatchley, 31

pictus Blatchley, 15

planatus LeConte, 12

puritanus Blatchley, 29

pusillus LeConte, 29

restrictus LeConte. 28

sellatus LeConte, 14

texanns Tanner, 20

tingi Tanner, 27

transversus LeConte, 31
Barnes, Claude T.. article by, 55
Beck, D. Elden, article by. 57
Bragg, Arthur N., article by, 62

California Gull. 57

Chamberlain, Roy W., article by. 39

Common tree toad. 64

Comparative Plumage Study, A. 57

Economic Importance and Breeding
■ Habits of the Subtribe Hydronomi, 3
Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, 61
Eumeces skiltonianus skiltonianus, 81

eggs of. ^2

habits. 85

habits, feeding. 87

nests of. 82

young. 84

Four New Species of Collembola. .39

Genitalia, external, 2
Genus Pnigodes, The, 33
Green tree toad, 67

Hawthorn, a New Record for Utah,

The, 55
Hexatoma (Eriocera) azrall Alexan-

der,_98

intrita Alexander, 97

mariposa Alexander, 96
Hydronomi, 6

key to the genera. 6
Hyla cinerea cinerea (Schneider), 67

crucifer crucifer Wied, 67

versicolor versicolor (LeConte). 64
Hypsiglena nuchalatus Tanner. 49

slevini Tanner, 53

Index to Volume IV, 103

Insect Food of Western Aleadowlark.

101 .

Isotoma spatulata Chamberlain, 43

Key to the Adults of the Subfamily
Hylinae in Oklahoma, 63

Kev to the American Species of Bagous,
9

Key to the Genera of the Subtribe Hy-
dronomi, 6

Key to the Genus Onychiurus in North
America North of Mexico, 40

Key to Species of Pnigodes, 33

Knowlton, G. F. and D. R. Maddock.
article by, 101

Limnophila (Prionolabis) boharti Al-
exander. 94

freebomi Alexander, 91
sequoiarum Alexander, 89
vancouverensis Alexander, 92

Lizards. 84

Location of the American Types of
Bagous. 4

Maddock. D. R. and G. F. Knowlton,

article by, 101
Mexican bean beetle, 61
Microhyla olivacea (Hallowell), 75

Northern Cricket Frog, 67
Notes on the Life History of Eumeces
skiltonianus skiltonianus, 81

103

104

INDEX TO VOLUME IV

Observations on the Ecology and Nat-
ural History of Anura XV, 62

Onychiurus irregularis Chamberlain, 43
key to the genus, 40
millsi Chamberlain, 43

Pnigodes buchanani Tanner, 33

genus, the, 33

key to species of, 33

setosus, LeConte, 35

tuberosus Tanner, 35
Pseudacris streckeri Wright & Wright.

69

clarkii(Baird), 70

triseriata (Wied), 70

Spotted chorus frog, 70

Spring peeper, 67

Striped chorus frog, 70

Study of the Subtribe Hydronomi with

a l^escription of New Species, (Cur-

culionidae). A, 1
Subtribe Hydronomi, 6

Tanner, Vasco M., articles by, 1, 61
Tanner, Wilmer W., article by, 31, 49
Texas Narrow Mouth toad, 75
Texas ornate chorus frog, 69
Two New Species of Hypsiglena from
Western North America, 49

Undescribed Species of Western Nearc-
tic Tipulidae (Diptera), I, 89

Nos. 1 & 2 mailed Julv 20, 1943.
Nos. 3 & 4 mailed Mav 15, 1944.

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